The effects of television watching on children an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

A study on the effects of television watching on children Research Topic: A study on the effects of television watching on children Literature Review: The researcher reviewed numerous studies carried out by investigators on the effectors of television on the behaviour of children. This includes numerous psychological experiments, government studies and congressional investigations. Most of these studies direct their efforts on the relationship between television violence and the societal violence that is rampant in our societies. Research problem; since 1950s when television rose to be the major entertainment medium in the world, many investigators were concerned with the effects of the television on the behaviour of the young. Their worry has always been the possible detrimental effects of violent programming, resulting in considerable knowledge of the influence of televised aggression (Liebert, Neale, &Davidson, 1973). In this study the investigation wants to find out the relationship between television watching and children social behaviour since most of American children spend most of their time watching tele vision instead of going to school and the educators feel that it has replaced the school as the primary "socializing" agent outside the family. Need essay sample on "A study on the effects of television watching on children" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The gaps of knowledge The less studied subject as identified by the researcher is the effects of television on children behaviour as well as the degree in which the television might induce pro-social attitudes and behaviours among the young. Hypothesis: there is a positive relationship between television watching and children pro-social behavior Independent Variables: Three and half- hour television programs, Pro-social Lessie series, Neutral Lessie series and Brady Bunch show Dependent Variables: The number of seconds the help button is pressed. Assignment of subjects to the treatments. The subjects to the thirty first grade children, 15 boys and 15 girls were individually exposed to one of the three had hour television programs. Controls used to prevent extraneous variables form confounding the results. To control the various broad characteristics of the three programs, children in the two principles groups (pro-social Lessie and Brady Bunch shows). Viewed one of the two programs from the sense Lessie, complete with commercials message but the story line was altered such that one of them was woven into it the particular pro-social example while the other did not. The combination of the similarities and difference was to optimise the detection of potential effects of specific modelling cases from entertainment television upon youngsters' later behaviours. Data Collection Procedures: The children behaviors were observed during the entertainment and how first they reacted when they were called to help. The number of seconds that the help button was pressed by the children was recorded. Data Analysis: The researcher used descriptive statistics to analyse the data that was collected. The Means and the Standard Deviations were calculated to ease analysis. The investigator further used the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model to analyse further the information to ease interpretation. Summary of Results: The primary dependent measure was the number of seconds the help button was pressed and the mean as well as the standard deviation of each was calculated. Analysis of variance of these scores was used to yield the significant effects. Summary of the Discussions In the two control conditions boys tended to help more than their female counterparts. Despite these different tendencies the overall results of this experiment disclosure clearly the validity of the basic demonstration we sought to produce. At least under some circumstances, a televised example can increase a child's willingness to engage in helping behaviour. This finding extends the earlier, work with simulated television materials and the experimental field study reported by Stein and Friedrich (1973) by demonstrating the influence of commercial broadcast programming designed primarily as entertainment. This design helped in isolating the particular aspect of the program, a pro-social example by the protagonist as the central ingredient necessary for such an effect to occur, the alternative lessie show and the generally warm Brady bunch program produce less helping. Design Principles: Experimental Research Design whereby Observational method was employed in this study. Both inter nal and external validity posed threats at points where measurements and experimental manipulations are made more so where multiple measurements are made. Therefore there is high probability for biasness Another experiment that may be used to test the same hypothesis as those in this experiment is where children from different socio economic classes are used as subject without considering the gender. Parental consent is necessary since the children were under 18 years of age and would not be considered to make valid decisions. Whenever one is using experimental research design he/she must seek the consent of the subject he intends to use or the consent of parents if the subjects are below 18 years of age. The children believed that the situation was real since they were not briefed about the experiment otherwise they would have not participated. Deception is very critical in psychological research although considered unethical and morally reprehensive subjects in deceptive experiments enjoy and learn more than those in non deceptive experiments. Deception is only allowed on methodological grounds so as to get valid results. Debriefing subjects is usually done after the experiment and explains the purpose and the methods that were used. Otherwise debriefing regarding deception might cause more harm than deception itself. Debriefing is only necessary after all the subjects are through with participation since they might share information and thus compromise the scientific validity of the study. . The code of ethics when using human beings as experimental subjects demands that the subjects are made aware of what they are about to participate and should give consent. But in this experiment the parents of the subjects were the only who were informed. The findings of this study are very relevant even today since television is the major mode of entertainment for many families and children spent most of their time watching television. However, if the experiment is to be conducted today children from different socio-economic classes should be used in order to have results, which touch on everybody. References: Liebert, R.M Neale J.M, & Davidson, E.S (1973). The early window. New York. Pergamon Press Stein, A.H & Friedrich, L.K (1970). Television constant and young children's behaviours. In J.P Murray, E.A Comstock (Eds). Television and Social Behaviour. Vol. 11: Television and social learning Washington D.C. U.S. Government printing office Stein, G. M, & Bryan, J.H (1972). The effect of a television Model upon rule adoption behaviour of Children. Child Development, 43, 268-273

Domestic Violence in Chile Essays

Domestic Violence in Chile Essays Domestic Violence in Chile Essay Domestic Violence in Chile Essay Today, women of color on average receive the lowest wages, hold the worst jobs, and are more likely to be unemployed. They have the highest rates of infant mortality and births out of wedlock. They are more likely to live in poverty and to be single mothers than their White counterparts. These issues brought women of color to distinction between them and the white women for they do not have the same opportunities and freedom as what white women get in the society of the United States.However, we, as women of color just do what we need to do and have our duty in every work that we have because it is better to contented in what we have rather than nothing. Reflecting to what had happened to our community in the past; I realized that we learned from history because now, we have our organizations that helped our community in order to stop or to lessen the racial discrimination that we continue to experience until now. In spite of the obstacles, women of color have shaped their lives and those of their families through acts of quiet dignity and steadfast determination.Their actions have included revolt and rebellion, creative conflict and social change, adaptation and accommodation. These actions can be seen that women of color wanted to stop or minimize their struggle towards racial discrimination. I personally become upset when people labeling and generalizing all women of color into a low class status, slaves, and unknowledgeable kind of women, which they do not have any evidence for they do not see capacity because they do not give us some chance to show our capabilities.People often judge us because they knew from our historical back ground that we became slaves and until now, we are still slaves and we will be slaves into their eyes forever. The lives of women of color are not variation of a more general model of American womanhood. Instead, their experiences are formed by many of the same forces that shape the lives of others. In given historical moments, those forces combine to create differences among women.As time passes by, women of color became more active into different organizations that helped them reshape their identity not only as women but also as an individual with its own ideology and creativity. For me, it is better that we have experienced the tragic moments in our community when almost all of us suffer from distress, hatred, sorrow, and pain because these experiences made us stronger and brighter in our everyday life so even if we continue to struggle until now, we are more rational in terms of balancing our needs and aspirations to fulfill our goals.Even if we cannot see our sunrise today, we are doing our best to show the sunrise to our next generation. Lorene Garrett-Browder, founder of Woman as Allies said, I believe that we cannot survive as a people or country if we believe that we are separate from each other, if we believe that one group holds the moral values for all of us, but continue to practice exclusion of other groups, where war and death is not seen as a racist act of supremacy in which we are all fatally wounded, but where we are seen as the liberators of an oppressed people forgetting that we have many times in our history been the oppressors.This statement from Garrett-Browder is simply an ideology of a woman who wanted peace and freedom having its own culture, identity, and belief. As part of the African American community, I want to have the right kind of justice that we need. We are not animals but also a human – a human who needs equality, freedom, and peace. These simple things are what we need in order to obtain our own identity because as long as we continue to suffer from racial discrimination, our identity is still unreachable.As a whole, women of color should not be discriminated as people who are incapable of doing things because due to their struggle and amazing experiences in life, they are more capable of doing more work and more job than others if they would only be given a chance to show their talent, strength, creativity, strategy, and knowledge. I am one of those women and will always be proud to be part of them.I am proud with who I am and with what I have for I know that I am doing my best not only for myself as an individual but also for other future generations who want to see the sunrise into their happy, free, and contented face.Sources:Culliton, K. (1994) 183 Legal Remedies for Domestic Violence in Chile and the United States: Cultural Relativism, Myths, and Realities. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Garrett-Browder, L. ( ). Overcoming Barriers That Separate Us. women-as-allies. o rg/index. htm Zinn, M. B. and Dill, B. T. ( ) Difference and Domination. temple.edu/tempress/chapters/657_ch1.pdf.

How to Make a Pitfall Trap to Catch Crawling Insects

How to Make a Pitfall Trap to Catch Crawling Insects A pitfall trap is an essential tool for catching and studying ground-dwelling insects, particularly springtails and ground beetles. Its easy. You can build and set up a simple pitfall trap in less than half an hour, about 15-20 minutes, using recycled materials. What You Need: coffee can with a plastic lidfour rocks or objects of equal sizea board or piece of slight large wider than the coffee cana trowel Heres How: Assemble your materials – a trowel, a clean coffee can with a plastic lid, four rocks or similar objects of equal size, and a board or piece of slate 4-6 inches wider than the coffee can.Dig a hole the size of the coffee can. The depth of the hole should be the height of the coffee can, and the can should fit snugly without gaps around the outside.Place the coffee can in the hole so the top is flush with the surface of the soil. If it doesn’t fit correctly, you will need to remove or add soil to the hole until it does.Put the four rocks or other objects on the soil surface an inch or two from the edge of the coffee can. The rocks should be spaced apart from each other to make â€Å"legs† for the board that will cover the pitfall trap.Put the board or piece of slate on top of the four rocks to protect the pitfall trap from rain and debris. It will also create a cool, shady area that will attract ground insects seeking moisture and shade. Tips: Close the coffee can with the plastic lid when you cannot attend to your pitfall trap, or if heavy rain is expected.Make sure to check the trap at least once every 24 hours, and remove any insects you have caught. Keep them for study or release them.If you want specimens for a collection and don’t need the insects to be alive, pour one inch of water in the pitfall trap and add 1-2 drops of dish soap.

Imagine that you are hanny write a letter to the roadman thank him for Essay

Imagine that you are hanny write a letter to the roadman thank him for his help tell him your real reason for doing this job - Essay Example A few months ago I met a gentleman by the name of Franklin P Scudder, who was in the knowledge of a German plot against England and who solicited my services. Sad to say, but when I returned to my premises after some time, I found Scudder murdered in cold blood. I decided to run away into hiding for many reasons. First I was scared that the people who murdered Scudder will also murder me. Second, I believed that the police will suspect me for the murder of Scudder. Third I wanted to get to the depth of the conspiracy narrated to me by Scudder. When I met you, I was actually being pursued by both the police and the German spies. It was only because of your help that I survived and managed to unravel this conspiracy against Britain, well in time. Thanks a lot for whatever you did for me and the country. Sincere regards, Richard Hannay.

Research Report - Experimentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Report - Experimentation - Essay Example The source of the trust-image (dependent variable) in the experiment was a store visit by a close ally and was manipulated as one/zero. The store image was manipulated as positive/negative implying positive or negative the impression on its ability and competence in carrying out basic store services. The experiment used apparel stores for its investigations. This was a good selection especially considering that there are a great number of new apparel stores being opened in India from time to time. This provided an excellent opportunity for carrying out a longitudinal experimental study on emergent stores. Sampling and subjects The subjects used in the experiment were students in a renowned Management Institute in India. Random sampling was used to gather the 160 subjects from four out of the institute’s seven largest dormitories. This is a good sampling procedure because it does not give room for the selection of a biased group of subjects for example subjects of a certain soc io-economic class, taste preference or whose parents own large apparel shops in India. Being college students, the subjects ranged from 20-28 years in age. This was very good considering that individuals in this age bracket were free from parental influence in terms of shopping preference for example apparel purchase. According to Kaul et al (2010), the use of male respondents is another positive aspect of this research and it improves the reliability of its results. This is because product quality for formal and informal men’s wear in large Indian apparel stores is relatively established. If ladies had been sampled in the experiment, the results would have had some levels of bias and unreliability. This is because their formal wears are western and are only available in limited range in few large stores and selected cities. However, the use of ladies under a parallel experiment would have been good for proofing further the reliability of the results obtained from male subjec ts. When the results of pre-visit and post visit scenarios were compared, they were similar. The participants also verified the research results by naming large apparel stores they could recollect after the experiment. As expected, all the participants mentioned various large regional and national apparel shops. This was in line with the hypothesis of the experiment and hence the experiment can be said to be worthy and valid in indicating that store image has an impact on the shopper trust. This was supported by use of a manipulation check to check the experiment’s believability. The manipulation check was in form of an open-ended question â€Å"According to you, on what has your friend probably based his opinion about the store?† Kaul et al (2010), In addition to the manipulation check, an additional item to test the respondents’ willingness to visit the store again was used.. However, it was not necessary to use the manipulation checks and additional test item because the data collected were too rich to be analysed. Therefore, it is true to say that the experiment was overdone. As much as the data collected was too rich, it could also be unreliable because it could just be a reflection of top-of-mind recall instead of all relevant cues. The experiment did not involve repeated experimentations which should have been done after some good

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Transnational corporations have had a tremendous impact on the interconnectivity that between countries, corporations, and people on a global landscape. Fueled by capitalistic ideals of increasing profits numerous corporations have expanded there operations into the global marketplace, some with much more success than others. One such transnational corporation that has embodied this pursuit of expansion in domestic and foreign markets for profit is the Starbucks Coffee Company. This company, which finds its roots in the opening of a single retail location in Pike place Market of Downtown Seattle in 1971, has been able to infiltrate into countless foreign domains and grow into a global powerhouse of the food and beverage industry with over nine thousand stores across the globe today in thirty-four countries outside of the Unites States. (Business Wire, 2005) Starbucks serves is an excellent specimen of a company that follows continual patterns of expansion directly correlating to increased access to foreign markets, and also the ability to nurture growth within these markets as well as gain access to new markets through the Market merging. In my research of this company and its path to globalization, I found that information about certain aspects of the company were more readily available than others. For example, I found that I had more difficulty finding scholarly articles that dealt with the distinct business strategies that Starbucks employed in order to globalize, in that it became apparent that much of the information about the terms of their mergers and acquisitions were not released or that the companies and business groups that they did so with had websites that contained no information in English. Interestingly enough, I found more of an abundance of scholarly material on the homogeneous cultural impacts that Starbucks has had and how the spread of the companys locations worldwide has been received by some cultures as the spread of American values. A bulk of my research findings came from business reports and releases about the company, which were useful in keeping accounts of how the company was able to infiltrate global markets and expand. The Website was a good starting point for my research in that it provided points of interest about the company that I could research into greater detail in order to root out the bigger picture. In order for one to have a more complete understanding of how this company operates and how it has come to succeed at a global level, I will outline the companys geographic expansion in terms of its operations and production; second, I will explain the companys main motivation for global expansion as well as factors that had an effect on the expansion; lastly I will detail the methods of expansion and production employed by the company. These will all be discussed within the time frame from present day back to 1996, when Starbucks first became a global corporation. (Starbucks. com) Of the nine thousand locations Starbucks has worldwide, over two thousand of those are outside of the United States in thirty four different countries. (Sowa, June 2004) The expansion of retail stores into foreign countries began with a joint venture with Sazabay Inc. in Japan in 1995, and then the eventual opening of retail locations within the country during the following year. (starbucks. com) This was the first time Starbucks ever set up operations outside of the US, and it was in the form of construction of the Starbuck brand retail store locations operated by a foreign company. Starbucks entered the East Asian Market first, in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and China, and concentrated on growth in these markets mainly for the first few years of entering the foreign market. Eventually, Starbucks was able to break into other markets as well, such as Australia, London, and New Zealand amongst others year after year until its present standing of 34 countries in North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and the Pacific Rim with retail locations that exists today in 2005. (Business Wire, Feb 2005) Within these countries, retail operations were set up at first just primarily in areas with the densest population. (Ramsey, Mar. 1997) However, as the market for the Starbucks Brand continually increased, the locations throughout the countries would increase and fan out from the city centers. This can be seen in the example of Japan, whom after 5 years operations had opened 300 stores by the year 2000. (starbucks.com) The primary raw material that Starbucks purchases and uses in terms of production is coffee beans. Coffee beans grow in regions near the equator, where the climate is suitable to sustain their growth. It follows that Starbucks purchases all of its beans from countries in South America, Africa, and Asia. Coffee beans that Starbucks import come from regions near the equator, such as South America, Africa, and Asia (Starbucks. com). Basically, the beans that are grown in these countries are purchased by the company to be roasted or packaged in all of its 9000 locations worldwide. However, Starbucks is not the only buyer when it comes to the bean supply as numerous other coffee retail companies rely on these farms as well, which places Starbucks as part a modular model commodity chain. The production of a generic commodity such as coffee beans allows for that commodity to be purchased by numerous companies without any affiliation or necessary interconnectivity between them. Starbucks reasoning for their initial expansion domestically in the United States as well as into the foreign Market place was centered on the basic capitalistic need for increase in profits, as well as the promotion of free trade from a neo-liberalist standpoint. Looking back to Starbucks early domestic expansion, it can be noted that just prior to addition of retail operations in Japan in 1996, there had been signs of a retraction of sales and growth, even with the addition of new retail locations domestically in the United States. There were signs of slowing in the US, one such being that comparable store sales, up 9 percent in 1995, were up 7 percent in 1996 and 5 percent approaching the following year. (Ramsey, Mar. 1997) These numbers indicate that it was becoming evident that in order to further sustain growth and high profit margins; Starbucks could achieve gains and benefit from free trade by setting up operations abroad. There are certain social contexts which provide commentary on the manner in which Starbucks was able to globalize. Especially that of the companys abilities to access markets from cultural and political standpoints. In order to bridge the culture gap between markets, Starbucks must follow three basic steps; first, it must engage in prospecting the local culture and its nuances; second, it must access the market conditions and the potential response to their presence; and lastly they make or dont make the decision to mobilize (Santos 2004). All this is considered with the fact that they are marketing a product in not only the coffee but in the retail location itself, in that Starbucks attempts to blend an Italian style beverage with a highly European influenced coffee house setting (Santos 2004), which is something that has to be marketed correctly in order to effectively find its niche in a foreign market setting. This marketing schematic sheds light on the purpose in placing global operations in East Asia in the late 90s before breaking into the European market due to a feared negative response to an American global presence in what had always been a highly saturated European local market. There was also a strong potential that the War in Afghanistan and later Iraq would have a devastating effect on growth and sales in the foreign market. There were some signs of this seen in April of 2003, when Starbucks was being heavily protested and boycotted in Lebanon and New Zealand, and was forced to pull operations out of Israel for fear of terrorist attacks. Despite these setbacks, however, it remained that Starbucks International persevered in revenues, according to Greg Schroeder, a research analyst with Fulcrum Global Partners LLC, who stated Starbucks popularity persists even in an economic downturn and during the war is an undeniably impressive feat as other retailers are struggling. (Jung, 2003) Starbucks maintained strong development during this period, and continued to open stores and form partnerships in Turkey, Chile, and Peru (Starbucks.com) despite facing political tensions created by Starbucks national affiliation with the United States. Market access brought Starbucks to the foreign domain but how they were actually able to break into these markets came in the form of some key business strategies. Starbucks used a few basic strategies in order to gain access to a particular foreign market which was joint ventures, acquisitions, and licensing. Two specific examples include Starbucks acquisition of the Seattle Coffee Company in the United Kingdom with more than 60 retail locations in 1998(Starbucks.com) , and the joint venture Starbucks formed with Sazaby Inc in 1995. The acquisition of the Seattle Coffee company basically allowed Starbucks to renovate each retail location previously owned by the company and to put the Starbucks name on each location as well. Another different but successful strategy employed in Japan was that of the joint venture with Sazaby Inc. This partnership gave Sazaby Inc. the right to develop and operate coffeehouses throughout a defined region. The rationale behind both of these types of partnerships is explained by Peter Maslen, president of Starbucks Coffee International, who states, The idea is that an experienced local partner can help identify locations, sift through tax issues, and give Starbucks stores more community appeal. (Jung, Apr. 2003 p. E1) This allows Starbucks to continue to expand into other markets knowing that operations elsewhere are in the hands of carefully chosen partners and business groups who are able effectively read and access the climate of their targeted regions market. The employees, CEOs, and other workers all have an integral part in this corporations ability to globalize. Starting at the level of both full as well as part time employees which facilitate the day-to-day functions of the retail locations in each of the 34 countries that Starbucks operates in, we can see that they receive a fair amount of benefits; including above-average hourly-wages, a comprehensive health benefit plan, and stock options. (Sancovich, 2002) Increased development and growth will fair well for those with stock in the company, including employees at the retail level. If the scope is broadened however, a very large gap exists between employees at the corporate level and those who produce the raw materials(coffee beans) that the company modulates into packaged or roasted coffee sales. It should be noted that Starbucks prides itself on the sale of Fair Trade Coffee in its stores to benefit the farmers that supply their coffee beans, which certifies that growers and farmers would receive a premium price above the prevailing market price for the sale of the coffee beans they produce (Starbucks. com). It should also then be noted that, according to an author in the ecologist, Starbucks advertises the fact that it bought 1. 1 million pounds of coffee last year at fair trade prices ($1. 27 per pound). This represents less than 0. 5 per cent of the coffee Starbucks buys each year. Fair trade is also highly profitable. While Starbucks pays $1. 27 per pound for fair-trade coffee, one pound of that coffee sells for $11. 45. Thats a 90 per cent mark-up (The Ecologist, Vol. 33, p. 22, 2003) The fact that Starbucks buys Fair Trade coffee in actuality does little to benefit the farmers who grow their beans. Another notable feature of the relationship between the owners, employees, and farmers is the overall disparity between employees at the corporate level and those employed to grow coffee beans, Millions of coffee farmers survive on less than $2 a week. Orin C Smith, Starbucks president and CEO, was paid $1,088,269 in 2002, and received a bonus of L1,362,500. Exercising share options in the company made him a further $36,321,643. He stands to make around $8. 5m more on share options granted in 2002. (The Ecologist, Vol. 33, p. 22, 2003) The economic disparity between wages is a direct result of the practices Starbucks engages in, such as markups. The farmers, as well as the retail employees would gain from the continued global development of the company, in that higher demand for coffee would increase the price of coffee for farmers and stock options would benefit regular employees, but would do so to an exponentially smaller degree than the employees at the corporate level of operations.

Light and Darkness in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues :: Sonnys Blues Essays

Light and Darkness in James Baldwin's Sonny's Blues In James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues" the symbolic motif of light and darkness illustrates the painful nature of reality the two characters face as well as the power gained through it. The darkness represents the actuality of life on the streets of the community of Harlem, where there is little escape from the reality of drugs and crime. The persistent nature of the streets lures adolescents to use drugs as a means of escaping the darkness of their lives. The main character, Sonny, a struggling jazz musician, finds himself addicted to heroin as a way of unleashing the creativity and artistic ability that lies within him. While using music as a way of creating a sort of structure in his life, Sonny attempts to step into the light, a life without drugs. The contrasting images of light and darkness, which serve as truth and reality, are used to depict the struggle between Sonny and the narrator in James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues." The opening paragraph of the story contains a metaphorical passage: "I stared at it in the swinging light of the subway car, and in the faces and bodies of the people, and in my own face, trapped in the darkness which roared outside"(349). This reference is significant because it is a contrast to the dismal society that the narrator and his brother Sonny live in. The darkness is the portrayal of the community of Harlem that is trapped, in their surroundings by physical, economic, and social barriers. The obvious nature of darkness has overcome the occupants of the Harlem community. The narrator, an algebra teacher, observes a depressing similarity between his students and his brother, Sonny. This is true because the narrator is fearful for his students falling into a life of crime and drugs, as did his brother. The narrator notes that the cruel realities of the streets have taken away the possible light from the lives of his brother and his students. The narrator makes an insigh tful connection between the darkness that Sonny faced and the darkness that the young boys are presently facing. This is illustrated in the following quote: "These boys, now, were living as we'd been living then, they were growing up with a rush and their heads bumped abruptly against the low ceiling of their actual possibilities. Light and Darkness in James Baldwin's Sonny's Blues :: Sonny's Blues Essays Light and Darkness in James Baldwin's Sonny's Blues In James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues" the symbolic motif of light and darkness illustrates the painful nature of reality the two characters face as well as the power gained through it. The darkness represents the actuality of life on the streets of the community of Harlem, where there is little escape from the reality of drugs and crime. The persistent nature of the streets lures adolescents to use drugs as a means of escaping the darkness of their lives. The main character, Sonny, a struggling jazz musician, finds himself addicted to heroin as a way of unleashing the creativity and artistic ability that lies within him. While using music as a way of creating a sort of structure in his life, Sonny attempts to step into the light, a life without drugs. The contrasting images of light and darkness, which serve as truth and reality, are used to depict the struggle between Sonny and the narrator in James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues." The opening paragraph of the story contains a metaphorical passage: "I stared at it in the swinging light of the subway car, and in the faces and bodies of the people, and in my own face, trapped in the darkness which roared outside"(349). This reference is significant because it is a contrast to the dismal society that the narrator and his brother Sonny live in. The darkness is the portrayal of the community of Harlem that is trapped, in their surroundings by physical, economic, and social barriers. The obvious nature of darkness has overcome the occupants of the Harlem community. The narrator, an algebra teacher, observes a depressing similarity between his students and his brother, Sonny. This is true because the narrator is fearful for his students falling into a life of crime and drugs, as did his brother. The narrator notes that the cruel realities of the streets have taken away the possible light from the lives of his brother and his students. The narrator makes an insigh tful connection between the darkness that Sonny faced and the darkness that the young boys are presently facing. This is illustrated in the following quote: "These boys, now, were living as we'd been living then, they were growing up with a rush and their heads bumped abruptly against the low ceiling of their actual possibilities.

Development of Dance and Music in the Philippines Essay

According to Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal in their book Panitikang Pilipino, â€Å"true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy in his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.† It is important to study Philippine Literature as enumerated: To better appreciate our literary heritage: trace ideas passed down through generation from our ancestors and better understand ourselves and take pride in being a Filipino To understand that we have a great and noble tradition as means to assimilate culture To overcome limitations conditioned by certain historical factors Time Frames of Philippine Literature in English: Pre-Spanish Period Our ancient literature truly reflects our early customs & traditions as traced in folk stories, old plays and short stories. Back then, the alphabet used was different and were similar to the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet which we called Alibata. Written works however did not last long because the Spanish Friars burned them believing that they were works of the devil or that were destroyed because they were written in perishable materials like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders. Those that survived are in oral form such as our folk songs. The Spaniards tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy until today and which serve to show descendants the true Filipino culture. Pre-Spanish literature is characterized by Legends, Folk tales, Epics, Folk Songs, and Epigrams/Riddles/Chants/Proverbs & Sayings. Spanish Period (1565-1872) At this regime, Philippine literature started to thrived at Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s reign. Due to three centuries of colonization, several changes were influenced by the Spaniards: 1. Alibata, the 1st  Filipino alphabet, was changed to Roman alphabet 2. Basis of religious practices was the teaching of Christian Doctrine 3. Spanish language was infused with Filipino language 4. Assimilation of European legends & traditions to our own 5. Translation of ancient literature to our dialects 6. Printing of Filipino grammar books 7. Periodicals gained a religious tone. The first books published were Ang Doctrina Cristiana, Nuestra Seà ±ora del Rosario, Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre, Ang Barlaan at Josephat, The Pasion, Urbana at Felisa ¸ and Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria. Several Literary compositions in this period were Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, Compendio de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Gaspar de San Augustin and Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura. Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) After being passive under Spanish rule for 3 centuries, the Filipino spirit awakened when the 3 well known priests – Gomez, Burgos, Zamora – were guillotined without enough evidence and the Spaniards weren’t able to restrain the rebellion. The rebellion was divided in 2 efforts: The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) and Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898). The Propaganda Movement were leaded by intellectual middle-class people like our â€Å"National Hero† Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena, and its members were Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Pedro Paterno etc. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes for the liberation and equity of Filipinos through their literary works. The most famous works of these people that stirred the Filipinos were Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios, A La Juventud Filipina, Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa, La Soberania En Pilipinas, Ang Fray Botod, Noche Buena, Sobre Filipinos, A Mi Madre, and Ang Lupang Tinubuan. However, the petitions made by the propaganda movement were ignored and fell on deaf ears that this action led to the revolution leaded by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Apolinario Mabini, whose members  were Jose Palma, Pio Valenzuala, etc. Though it’s true that the group used weapons against the colonizers, they also contributed several literary works such as Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Kartilya ng Katipunan, and Sa Bayan Pilipino. American Regime (1898-1941) After the Spaniards were defeated, peace movements started as early as 1900. Filipinos started writing again and nationalism remains undisturbed. During this period, writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, novels, etc. Their writing clearly depicted patriotism and longing for independence. In addition, 3 group of writers were formed – Spanish, Tagalog, and English. Though they differ in methods of reporting, they share the same ideas and spirit. The Spanish writers wrote on nationalism like in honoring Filipino heroes. Tagalog writers went on and on in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue. English writers just imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. Also, this regime was divided into three periods. The First Period was of Re-orientation (1898-1910). Not much was produced during this period and was not much of literary worth. Writers were still adjusting from the idea of democracy – freedom of ideas and speech, the new phraseology of English language and standards of English literary style. They had to learn direct expression conditioned by direct thinking, sentence constructions, sounds & speech in English. They had to abandon sentimentality and floridity of language for the more direct and precise English language. Also, English becomes the official medium of instruction for all public schools. The Philippine Free Press was founded in 1905 and College Folio begun its publication. The Second Period was of Imitations (1910-1924). The UP College Folio was the pioneers’ in short English story and poetry writing. They were more into imitating American and British models which resulted in a stiff, synthetic and unnatural style, lacking vigor and naturalness. Writers of this folio included Fernando Maramag, Juan F. Salazar, Jose M. Hernandez, Vicente del Fierro, Francisco Tonogbanua, Maximo Kalaw, Vidal A. Tan, Francisco M. Africa, and Victoriano Yamzon. In addition, the Philippine Herald began its publication in 1920. The Third Period was of Self-Discovery and Growth   (1925-1941). By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and completely wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They also went into all forms of writing like the novel and drama. Furthermore, Philippine Book Guild and Philippine Writers League was organized and the 1st Commonwealth Literary awards were given. Japanese Period (1941-1945) The progression of Philippine literature halted during the Japanese invasion. All newspapers except for Tribune and the Philippine Review were stopped. Because of the strict prohibitions in English writing by the invaders, Tagalog literature experienced renewed attention. Even the weekly Liwayway was placed under strict supervision until it was managed by Japanese man named Ishiwara. In other words, Tagalog literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays (but dramas became lull and were simply translated versions of English plays), poems (3 types arise: Haiku, Tanaga, and Karaniwang Anyo), short stories (its field expanded), etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces. Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period and those who dared to write did for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature and what literary output there was hardly negligible. Writers felt chained but slowly the spirit of nationalism returned. While some continued to write, others waited for a better time to publish their works. Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) Writers had learned to express themselves more confidently but post-war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability, the threat of new ideas, and mortality had to be handled well & together. There was proliferation of newspapers and it proved that there were more readers in English than vernaculars. Journalist became more radical. And as normality was restored, the tones and themes of writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival. Those who went abroad came back to publish their written works. It was noted that not all published books focused on war years but were simply compilations and second editions of what had been written before. Here are some works of this period: The Voice of the Veteran Twilight in Tokyo Passion Death of the USAFFE For Freedom and Democracy Betrayal in the Philippines Seven Hills Away Most poems dealt with the usual love of nature and social & political problems. Novel & Short Stories became longer. Tagalog Literature was resurrected and mostly focused during the occupation of Japanese – brutality, poverty, exploits, etc. Several literary-related organizations were formed and literary awards were launched i.e. The Palanca Awards Period of Activism (1970-1972) The patriotic youths became active and ask for changes in the government. They believe that the system is okay but the stationed people are not. But because of this, several of them were imprisoned along with other rebel writers. They truly were heroes. Many books aptly record and embody these times but many of these are not known to many and many of these writers still have to be interviewed. These led to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Campus newspapers were malodorous of rebellious emotions. They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. Frustrations of youths were felt in churches and schools. Even those with authority who should be respected were thought to be hindrances to the changes sought by youths hence, they were targeted. The literature of the activist reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. Some of theses who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangahas, Efren Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bautista. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Some of these were I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Luna Lopez, The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Melendez Cruz, Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature by Rustica D. Carpio, Brief Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcaco, and Medium Rare and Tell the People by Julie Yap Daza Period of New Society (1972-1981) Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early as 1958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education. The focus of education and culture were on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolve to carve to carry out plans and programs. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Books entitled The Modern Filipino Short Story(Patricia Melendez Cruz) and Brief Time to Love (Ofelia Limcao) came out during this epoch. Period of The Third Republic (1981-1985) After the Martial Rule was lifted, people still seethed with rebellion and protest from the previous oppression and suppression. Just because the rule was lifted, it doesn’t mean people will be peaceful. The anger and hatred felt didn’t dissipate immediately. It was even enflared when the late Benigno S. Aquino Jr. was assassinated. The people’s idol and hope brutally murdered, who wouldn’t feel mad? The aftermath was chaotic yet ironically, the people united and somehow brought change to our country. Such event was considered one of the major turning points in History. It should be noted that Philippine Literature retained its luster inspite of the numerous limitations. Also, the Palanca Awards continued whether on time or delayed. Contemporary Period (1986) Finally, freedom became a reality – won through peaceful, bloodless and God-blessed revolution. Through everyone’s effort, independence was blessed to them, true Republic of the Philippines. Several changes in literature during this period was evident: On Newspapers: buddy newspaper became opposition papers overnight (i.e. Bulletin Today & The Inquirer) and enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation. Being free of restrictions, columnists became vocal and a bumper crop of young journalist emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation came back with retaliation. Excluding tabloids, 19 local dailies, both English & Tagalog, were in circulation by June 1986. On Books: Experiences during the Martial Law was documented and Philippine Literature is still progressing. Books that carry print and visual events of what occurred during the February Revolution were People Power (by Monina M.A. Mercado & J.B. Reuter) and Bayan Ko (Veritas Publication & Communications Foundation). Literary awards were continuously given like the National Book Awards in which in that period, Marjorie Pernia (Dreamwavers Selected Poems) and Damiana L. Eugenio (Awit sa Corrido: Philippine Metrical Romances) were awarded according to the choices made by the Manila Critics Circle. Also, Bookfair Manila ’88 by Philippine Exhibit Company was held with the belief that â€Å"requisition of knowledge not only enhances individual skills & capabilities but more importantly, makes positive contributions to the nations development program†. The flowering of Philippine literature in the various language continues as Filipino writers continue to write whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or in personal intention. They became more conscious of their art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the bulk of literature available to him via mass media including internet. With various literary awards, writers were encouraged to compete with peers and hope that their creative efforts will bore them rewards. With the new requirement by the CHED of teaching of Philippine Literature in all tertiary schools in the country emphasizing the teaching of vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the audience for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the world will not be far behind. Development of Philippine Music The Filipinos are a musical nation is a fact. Their beautiful sentimental music is the result of their reaction to their physical and emotional environment. However, the Filipinos do not have sufficient authentic records of their forefathers’ invaluable writings because these were destroyed by conquerors or accidentally lost through carelessness or ignorance. Also, one cannot tell exactly the characteristics of certain epochs of Philippine music because music may develop continuously over different periods of history regardless of historic circumstances. Pre-Spanish Period As musical people, Filipinos have a particular brand of music for every occasion. Our ascendants had their own collection of songs, dances, and instruments which exemplified their religious and social life. Songs of our ancestors were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions, and aspirations of the people. Many of these songs were sung by non-Christian tribes. Early Filipinos had songs for the various activities. According to Agoncillo and Zaide, early Filipinos had: 1. Ordinary songs (diyuna, talindaw) 2. Street songs (indulamin, suliranin) 3. Sorrow (dalit, umbay) 4. Wedding (ihiman) 5. Rowing (tigpasin, kalusan) 6. Lullaby (hele, hili, oyayi, iyaya) 7. Success (baling-kungkong, dupayanin, hiliran, sambotani, tagumpay) 8. House (tingad) 9. General merrymaking (kalipay) 10. Counting (urukay) Several Instruments: 1) String a) Buktot/kutibeng/bigwela – Visayan guitar made from coconut shell b) Butting/gurimbao – bamboo ties with hemps or banana fibers c) Kudyapi/ketyapi/hagalong – two-stringed elongated lute d) Litgit – bamboo violin e) Pas-ing/kuglong/pantig – bamboo guitar f) Karaga – guitar used by Karaga people in east coast of Mindanao g) Gurimbao – bamboo bow h) Bontok violin/hoggrine/kokin/sawduang/rayanastron i) Negrito violin 2) Wind a) Bansik/Kalaleng/Palawta – four-hole made of mountain cane b) Tulak/tulalo – flute with one hole for mouth and six holes for fingers c) Balingling/baling/kipanaw – nose flute d) Natoy/subbing – clarinet e) Sahunay – bamboo flute with coconut leaf trumpet attached to the lower end f) Pasiyak – water whistle g) Pasyok – toy instrument made of leaf of the coconut or nipa for small horn(turutot) h) Diw-diwas – pipe instrument i) Tambuli – trumpet made from horn 3) Percussion a) Kalutang – most primitive percussion instrument still used b) Bunkaka/bilbil – bamboo musical instrument c) Sulibaw – hollow wooden drum; rhythm instrument to mark the times of the dance d) Tugo – drum e) Ludag – drum f) Neguet – drum g) Gansa – kind of bronze goong h) Kulingtangan – set of graduated melody gongs extensively used i) Gandingan – 4 big narrow-lidded gongs j) Babandir – single bronze gond k) Gabbang – native xylophone used in Sulu l) Subing – Jew’s harp Spanish Period (1521-1898) Spaniards not only brought their own culture but also European influence which marked the beginning of the cultivation of music as a fine art in the Philippines. The Educational Decree of 1863 was implemented and it provided for formal education for teachers where vocal music was one of the subjects to be taught. Because of this, Sacred Music was given importance because Christianity was the main goal of Spanish Colonization. Songs: a. Tagulaylay is a melody depicting grief. It is best adapted to the reading/singing of the Passion of our Lord during the Holy Week. It is also sung in monotone. b. Palimos is a song of the blind asking for alms c. Kumintang is the oldest and most popular song among Christian Filipinos. It is a nocturnal song sung to the accompaniment of the violin/guitar. It expresses the history, character and tradition of the people. d. Awit is a recitative written in  ¾ time and in minor key. It is set freely to verses about Philippine legendary hero. e. Balitaw is a Visayan folksong with is a dance and song – though mostly sung. It is dived into 2 classes: Balinaw Mayor (derived from the graceful French slow waltz) and Balitaw Menor (characteristically a Visayan love song). f. Kundiman comes from the words â€Å"Kung hindi man†. It is a Tagalog love song whose rhythmic figure is derived from the lively Spanish bolero a typical  ¾ waltz. Also, it is the favorite of serenaders. Games: Duplo is an impromptu competition in which the loser recites a poem, a sort of entertainment to console the relatives of the deceased. Philippine Folk Dances: There are more than 175 folk dances in the Philippine which have remained unchanged through the years. Because Filipinos enjoyed European dances particularly fandango, curacha, tango, sapateado and the stately rigodon, some of these folk dances were modified to meet the need for change as modernization demands. These dances reflect almost all aspects of the people’s lives: religious, occupational, entertainment, recreational, courtship, marriage, baptism and even war. According to Mrs. Lucrecia Urtula, Philipine indigeneous music acan be divided into three distinct groups: The Rondalla The instruments of Muslim Filipinos (assortment of brass instruments) The instruments of the mountain region tribes (i.e. gong, flute, drums) Early Philippine Theatre: There were various native stage presentations Filipinos enjoyed during the Spanish period. The most popular vernacular presentations were the moro-moro, carillo and Zarzuela. During occasions of town fiestas, performers used provisional stage of nipa and bamboo. Later, huge â€Å"theatre bodegas† with pyramidal roofs such as those seen over cockpits appeared. The Moro-moro depicts the battle between Christians & Muslims, the adaptations of legends about knight-errants & princesses, the triumphant entry/exit of the conqueror and the downfall of the vanquished accompanied by Spanish music. The Carillo is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard skillfully manipulated by a narrator behind the screen. The themes are usually derived from the libretto from â€Å"Don Quixote†, â€Å"Buhay ng Mahal na Panginoong Hesukristo† and â€Å"Don Juan Tenorio†. The Zarzuela are improvised plots by comedians using comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic, or a combination of all. It does not have a definite form. Singing was free and imaginative. Performers make extemporaneous comments. At times, the audience swapped comments with the artists. It is said that Zarzuela originated from Pampanga hence, they are the best. Before the birth of talkies and television, zarzuelas used to be the most popular form of entertainment especially during the barrio fiesta. The Bamboo Organ of Las Pià ±as: The man who conceived the idea of building the bamboo organ was a young Spanish priest of the Augustinian Recollect order, Fr. Diego’ Cera dela Virgen del Carmen. Due to low funds, he along with the village craftsmen created the Bamboo Organ and was credited for it. The organ has undergone repairs in several years. It is the oldest and most unique musical instrument for its durability is unsurpassed for having lasted more than 160 years compared to most organs of only 15 years. American Period (1898-1941) The first known law affecting the Philippine Public School System was Article 74 of the Philippine commission which provided formal training for teachers. The American Educational systems have greatly influenced the Philippine system of musical education with the treatment of music as part of a broad pattern of liberal education. American textbooks and song books were used. The radio, phonograph, and movies helped disseminate world culture. American singing through jazz invaded the country. Nevertheless, the spirit of nationalism triggered by the Spanish revolution, pushed Pilipino composers to use the native folk songs for their thematic materials. With the establishment of conservatories (school for special instruction in music), formal education in music started. Under a program of specialization was the training program for professionals which produced music specialist such as performer, composer, transcriber, conductor, researcher, musicologist, arranger, theorist, essayist, and critic. Philippine Opera: It was believed that Philippine Opera evolved from the Zarzuela. And because of the various opera companies engaged in the production of Zarzuela, Manila was dubbed â€Å"Italy of the Orient† Japanese Occupation Period (1942-1945) This was the darkest epoch in the history of the Philippines. The Japanese wanted only Oriental ways for the people. This gave the Filipinos no other choice but to revert to their traditional ways of entertainment – opera, musical plays and drama although a few appreciated Japanese music. Post Liberation Period (1945-1946) The Filipino is a lover of music. Music is as important as the air he breaths. He finds adequate expression of his feelings through singing, moving, creating, playing an instrument, and just listening. The reawakening of interest in diversified forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of ensembles, vocal and instrumental not only in schools but also in churches, government and private offices, communities and within the family. Not only the gifted in institutions get involved but even the out of school youth has his share of participation. The people’s patrimony of the country caused the use of native instruments through rondalla, a favorite performing string ensemble in all public schools, private institutions, government offices, and other musically interested groups. Need for professional growth is evident in the holding of in-service-training programs, seminars, workshops, and conferences sponsored by schools, government agencies, and musical organizations. Teaching competency in music is assured with the appointment of Bachelor of Music graduates in Applied Music and Music Education as teachers. School songs, choral and instrumental arrangements are available in the market. Forms/Compositions Philippine Music comes in a variety of forms, covering a wide spectrum of sources, geographically and historically; representing more than 100 ethno-linguistic groups as well as different social and cultural environments in the Philippines. The totality of these forms may be categorized into three distinct repertoires: 1) Asiatic oral traditions; 2) westernized oral traditions; and 3) western-influenced art and popular music, and semi classical music. The first category covers forms that are closely related to the cultural traditions of Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, such traditions are practiced among the villages in the Cordillera Administrative Region, in the upland areas of Palawan, Mindoro and eastern Mindanao, the predominantly Muslim communities in western Mindanao and Sulu, as well as the different Negrito communities across the archipelago, e.g. Northern Luzon, Bicol and parts of Panay and Mindanao. Most of the musical forms are performed in connection with rites of passage and life cycle events as well as occupational activities. These occasions consist of birth, initiation and graduation ceremonies; courtship and marriage; death and funeral rites; hunting, fishing, planting and harvest; healing and various forms of armed conflicts. The second category of musical forms consists of orally transmitted genres and compositions that are performed in rural Christian communities in Luzon, Visayas and parts of lowland Mindanao, and are generally referred to as Philippine â€Å"folk music†. Their origins may be traced through four evolutionary processes: 1) forms that have been introduced by the Spanish colonial power and later adopted and modified by local artists and performers (metrical romances); 2) syncretic and hybrid forms that have been locally assimilated elements from Western religious traditions (subli, sanghiyang); and 4) locally processed songs based on older pre-colonial tunes (planting songs, children’ s play songs, lullabies, love songs and serenades). Much of Philippine folk music are found in the religious and paraliturgical repertoires of countryside Christian communities, as well as in various forms of entertainment and rites of passage such as marriage and funeral ceremonies. The third category of Philippine musical forms are found in urban communities and centers of population. In the last 100 years, Filipino composers have written works in the standard Western art music forms (chamber music, symphonic music, opera, serswela, etc.) and contemporary music styles, as well as the latest popular music industry- Latin American, jazz, country, rock, folk, rap, etc. In addition, modern compositions have also been written for such theatrical forms as dance and/or ballet, drama, musicales, and cinema. Outside the symphony orchestra tradition and the Filipino theater, the Filipinos have also developed a repertoire for three distinct musical ensembles: the band (brass and bamboo), the rondalla and the chorus. The Philippine band repertoire consists of marches, overtures, symphonic poems, concertant pieces, and medleys of Filipino folk tunes, which are performed duing the military and civic parades, as well as formal and semi-tests the playing prowess and physical endurance of the competing musicians. Incidental pieces for the comedia and other forms of local theater have also been written for the band. The rondalla(plucked string ensemble) that was introduced by Spain as the estudiantina and comparsa, has a similar repertoire. It consists of marches and pasodoble pieces (fast and brilliant music in two), medleys and arrangements of Filipino folk songs, overtures, concertant music, and folk dance accompaniments. In recent years, Filipino composers have written serious art pieces for the rondalla or individual rondalla instruments. In modern compositions, the rondalla instruments are also combined with symphonic instruments. In the field of vocal music, choral music in the Philippines has dramatically expanded in the last fifty years, with the rise of the high quality choral singing and the countrywide proliferation of choral groups in all sectors of society : church , government, business and culture. Initially, Philippine choral music consisted of folksong arrangements, old masses and hymns, as well as locally composed operas and sarswelas. Today, the repertoire has been augmented by local madrigal-like pieces, arrangements of popular love songs, and large scale compositions are very much in demand during choral competitions and choral festivals that occur during the Christmas season. Although Philippine musical forms may be classified according to a few general categories, e.g. welcome song, song debates, courtship music, etc. each culturally-related genre has its own distinctive features which include, language and/or idiom, style of rendition and other elements. For example, the pasyon in Pampanga and the pasyon from Bulacan would greatly differ from each other in language, the tunes used, the number of singers, and performance style (leader-chorus, antiphonal, etc.). Bibliography Kahayon, Alicia, et. al. (1989). Philippine literature: Choice selections from a Historical Perspective. Croghan, S.J., Richard. (1975). The development of Philippine literature in english (since 1900). Rivadelo, R.F. (1987). Music education: Materials & methods. pp79-103 Baà ±as, Raymundo. (1979). Philippine music and theater. Pp8-16 Godinez-Ortega, C.F. The Literary forms in Philippine literature. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Literature/literary_forms_in_philippine_lit.htm Santos, Ramon P. Philippine Music Forms/Composition. Retrieved on August 10, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=152.

Implications Limitations And Recommendations Education Essay

Chapter 5This chapter focuses on deductions, restrictions of this research plus recommendations for those who intend to utilize and develop farther research in the hereafter.5.1 DeductionsBased on the research and accomplishment of e-learning, and the findings presented in the preceding parts, this chapter offers deductions including literature reappraisal on e-learning every bit good as Moodle ‘s natures in online authorship that have late investigated at some colleges/universities as STU, HCMCOU.5.1.1 Deductions of literature reappraisalEconomy development, societal alterations and technological procedure revolutionise instruction and acquisition in educational organisations. E-learning, the signifier of web-based instruction and acquisition, is built with a system of networked computing machines that includes the waiter and workstations. Server is a computing machine plan that provides specific services to client package running on other computing machines. Teachers will mak e class content that consists of needed accomplishments and cognition in the signifier of text, image, life, streaming picture, sound, etc. that can convey to pupils in distance acquisition via the Internet, intranet/extranet. In world, the person or organisations can easy set up a free online school ( e-school ) , since constructing the web substructure does non necessitate a high disbursal as building existent school and complicated accredited formalities are non required, while pupils have non to pay a travel fee, save clip to travel to school for analyzing.5.1.2 Deductions of research findingsThe findings of this survey revealed assorted deductions of on-line instruction and online composing instruction and the web site.5.1.2.1 Deductions of on-line instructionMost of the picks about scenes of web site and class in during installation and configuring Moodle will impact the user experience. After holding been making the classs and classs, and choosing blocks to utilize, participa nts create a model for their site. Then they ‘re ready to make full their classs with larning stuff. Moodle ‘s classs contain anything that can look on the World Wide Web ( texts, images, sound, picture, games, etc. ) . Based on the relationship between participants, Moodle ‘s content is classified into â€Å" inactive class stuff † , â€Å" synergistic class stuff † and â€Å" societal class stuff † ( Rice, W. , 2010 ) . In Moodle, inactive class stuffs consist of resources that the pupil reads, but does n't interact with. They are added from the Add a resource†¦ drop-down bill of fare. Using this bill of fare, pupils can make text pages, web pages, links to anything on the Web, the class ‘s directories of files, a label screening any text or image, multimedia files utilizing sound, images and movie. Synergistic class stuffs are activities, which help pupils to pass on with spouses, teachers or the acquisition system, include Assignments, Lesson, Quizzes, SCORM/AICC, Survey, Choices, etc. They are created by snaping â€Å" turning the redaction on † , so â€Å" Add an activity†¦ † . SCORM ( Sharable Content Object Reference Model ) is a bundle of elaborate descriptions that permit handiness, reusability and interoperability of larning objects. Social class stuffs are 1s in which student-to-student or student-to-teacher interaction exists. They include Chat, Glossary, Wiki, Workshop, etc. that is chosen from the â€Å" Add an activity†¦ † bill of fare with the button â€Å" turning the redaction † on. Owing to voluminous signifiers, attractive visual aspect, manageable activities, bidirectional exchange and collaborative acquisition, Moodle has become a powerful tool which helps participants better and develop composing accomplishment beautifully and variedly. Therefore, in schools, Moodle is supported and recommended for usage to raise preparation quality. However, e-learning system with Moodle non implemented over a big country, and merely installed in outstanding universities or high quality centres due to expensive cost of proficient substructure and a deficiency of clever experts of information engineering. Furthermore, e-learning preparation classs in foreign linguistic communications sections are restricted in the sum of clip every bit good as course of study stuffs are excessively hard for participants to use and use in on-line composing instruction and acquisition. Their computer-literacy is non plenty high to cover with jobs and troubleshoot mistakes in a computing machi ne system.5.1.2.2 Deductions of online authorshipSince the Moodle ‘s characteristics satisfy status and construction of learning and larning activities based on educational theory, it is an ideal platform for larning direction system. Through on-line activities, pupils normally enjoy executing authorship activities. They non merely experience comfy and easy to add images, sound, picture, and a game component every bit good as to modify the colour, the font face, font size and layout of the text but besides diversify on-line authorship activities from simple to complex. Sing the angle of a text unit, they can carry on undertakings bit-by-bit from taking appropriate word degree, composing accurate sentence, doing paragraphs, and eventually, building whole text. When clever at authorship, pupils have adequate cognition and accomplishments to build and post the Hagiographas on the Internet so that other people can entree to and portion them. Producing texts at word degree implies much significance: ( 1 ) How to utilize words right, efficaciously, and imaginatively ; ( 2 ) How to separate sets of normally baffled words ; ( 3 ) How to associate words to definitions and illustrations, etc. All of undertakings help us to show what we think. In the web site, classs introduced some typical vocabulary pattern as a crossword, a fill-gap and duplicate words. In add-on, some other points are added to help pupils to finish their accomplishments. There are several agencies to bring forth texts at sentence degree. Student can pattern typical exercisings as swinging buildings and parallel construction. Teachers can make talks by utilizing the Quizzes faculty to show peculiar grammar point in an interesting manner. The texts are connected with images and pictures and sounds from web sites. Students can have enlightening feedback on attempts to consequently do them happier and better their acquisition. From responses of pupils, the instructor can wholly better the feedback and appropriately alter the inquiries. Through this, they can raise pupils ‘ consciousness of how certain types of the sentences are structured. Producing paragraphs and whole texts incorporates many procedures. Here, we emphasize the procedure of roll uping, sharing and developing thoughts, so be aftering, outlining, proofreading and revising texts. Writing can be organized in single activities or in a little group activity or a whole category activity. Feedback on authorship can be immediate ( as in Activities 1 and 2 ) or delayed ( as in Activities 4 to 12 ) . One of the attractive characteristics of Moodle is that it enables composing to be enhanced by images and striking layouts. After garnering informations, pupils will spread out, explore and form a set of thoughts for authorship by excess faculty as mindmap. The add-on faculty, Mindmap is a utile tool to portion and develop and brainstorm composing assignments. It is related to other activities as Journal, Assignment, Wiki to do composing originative. Personal profile is a Moodle ‘s faculty that helps pupils prosecute in composing personal profiles in production activities. After happening out the personal profiles of equals, they can notice on these personally in schoolroom, or could post the remark on a Moodle web page for a comment. Students ‘ authorship is showcased on Moodle site by making a Moodle Blog or put ining the add-on OUblog to let other pupils to notice on the web logs. If utilizing the Book faculty, pupils can non redact pages and instructors has to look into and import this composing into Book before it exists. In other options of learning composing an essay, the instructor finds a subject that is appropriate to the category and illustrates it in an highly attractive manner. The Glossary faculty allows pupils to show the collected information. After composing about the subject, pupils will add images to do the entry luring. Then, the instructor grades the pupils ‘ work. The concluding result is the signifier of a mini encyclopaedia that gives the information about subjects. The Chat faculty supplying models for pupils to rephrase what they ‘re stating to acquire their significance through authorship. The Assignment faculty to supply a stimulation, motivate pupils and to supply a more realistic background and do up a authorship undertaking. It allows pupils to take portion in procedure authorship in which they can subject a bill of exchange, acquire feedback, re-submit other bill of exchanges and acquire better feedback. To actuate pupils and provoke their response, the instructor normally use the images of existent life or a set of exposure of an event involved. A series of aggregation of copyright-free images can be searched for on the web, or private exposures are selected to function for composing. The Forum faculty is a topographic point where all pupils can add their slideshows by uploading exposures and captions and participants can read and notice on other pupils ‘ slideshows. The Wiki faculty helps pupils collaborate on a authorship undertaking and utilize different an d separate efforts to lend to the same undertaking. Alternatively, with the characteristics of Wiki, merely group members can see and modify its web pages involved.5.1.2.3 Deductions of the web siteOn-line instruction is extremely assessed by participants in the fact that â€Å" Modular Layout † is sensible and scientific, â€Å" Interface † is attractive, user-friendly and intuitive, â€Å" Management † of registration, clip, activity, and class is rigorous in exactitude but flexible in extent, â€Å" Appraisal Schemes † is broad in scope, varied in type, â€Å" Concerted Learning † is conducted in student-to-student and student-to-teacher interaction. However, the ratio of understanding of instructors is instead higher than the ratio of understanding of pupils. In instructors ‘ and pupils ‘ sentiments, online authorship classs are performed in the process-based attack and genre-based procedure, elements labelled by ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are selected much more than others. In the teacher-to-student ratio of choice, the former is instead higher than the latter. The web site received the positive response from the respondents. Almost sentiments assumed that classs are enlightening and comprehensive. In footings of interaction, class stuffs allow participants to see, to read and mention to and class activities enable participants to interact with the spouses, the acquisition system, or others. In footings of authorship activities, class stuffs are recognized from composing order and text construction and learning activities encourage to show personal sentiments. The figure of instructors chooses picks labelled by ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) is instead higher than the figure of pupils.5.2 RestrictionsMoodle becomes Learning Management System popular and widespread and is indispensable larning environment in the educational system. Its activities are ever enhanced and promoted. However, this does non intend that Moodle has non its restrictions. From this research plus some other bing research, restrictions can be recognized.5.2.1 Restrictions of the litera ture reappraisalGenerating from critical literature reappraisal, e-learning restrictions can be considered in the corner of engineerings, methodological analysis, personal psychological science issues and other issues. With the statement in this portion, the things agree with e-learning besides accords with Moodle.Technologies:Necessary hardware and other ICT resources are core elements required for e-learning execution in schools and establishments. In order to hold entree to the Internet for online acquisition, authorities organisation and non-government organisation spent a big sum of money to purchase desktop, laptop computing machines, pressmans and ICT hardware for colleges, universities and bureaus that implemented e-learning. Persons that have demands of online acquisition can purchase or lease necessary computing machine equipment so as to larn. E-learners have entree to the Internet without clip limitation but the outstanding benefits are non executable for some people populating in farther and distant countries due to a deficiency of services for accessing the Internet. High-speed bandwidth is easy accessed in the cardinal universities while it has problem with the other schools with hapless Internet backgrounds. Uys ( 2003 ) stated that limited telecommunication substructure and installations are impeding the e-learning procedure. The limited Internet coverage can be hinderances to all educational constitutions nationwide that are able to near information services, digital educational information, and on-line preparation engineering. Technological barriers can severely impact Internet application as equipment failed, malfunctioned, or asynchronous, clip to larn a new engineering and trouble to schedule schoolrooms with engineering. Limited bandwidth due to a slow ADSL connexion and hapless transportation rate of a communications web may impede the acquisition procedure as the downloading of multimedia stuffs, sometimes interrupted or students'answers for their teacher during an on-line treatment session. In educational activities, picture conferencing as synergistic telecommunication engineerings which allow two or more pupils to pass on with bipartisan picture and audio transmittals at the same time. It might non be executable for scholars who use the slow DSL connexion from their places. Broadband service is overloaded and limited to certain locations where there are higher population denseness sharing Internet capacity. Consequently, it is easy recognized that most of the e-learning classs are merely text-based as the Internet bandwidth is limited.Personal psychological science issues:Newcomers get accustomed to believing that e-learning environment is the same as traditional acquisition environment. To derive effectual work, they need to psychologically fix for the online composing environment. Therefore, to hold accurate orientation and to avoid proceeding by test and mistake, they need enlightening direction from on-line classs every bit good as website Godheads. Besides, Dearnley ( 2003 ) stated that fledglings to untraditional acquisition may acquire lost because they do non cognize what to make as there is no elaborate counsel from the instructor. E-learning is the merchandise of the high engineering that requires e-learners to hold on new accomplishments and command associated with it. New e-learning pupil feel puzzled as exposing to the unconventional e-learning environment and separation from others. In add-on, the deficiency of ICT accomplishments is one of the obstructions in e-learning preparation that adheres to new procedure and use connected with the engineering. As a consequence, deriving new engineerings is a complication to the novice in e-learning. E-learning is a learning activity that requires several self-denials and independency. It encourages the independent and comfy manner of acquisition, but the scholars ‘ self-motivation and self-denial are the finding factors in keeping and finishing analyzing. Schott et Al. ( 2003 ) asserted that the e-learning success rate was really dependent on pupils ‘ abilities to be autonomous and internally motivated. Naturally, e-learning pupils have a higher dropout rate than their conventional opposite numbers ( Abouchedid & A ; Eid, 2004 ) . E-learners need extra encouragement and support, to counterbalance for the isolation ; motive is the key for them to successfully finish the class ( Lessons from the e-learning, 2002 ) .Specifications of on-line class:Harmonizing to a new attack to learner-centered instructional design, pupils can command and set their coursework. In an e-learning environment, scholars need to pull off their acquisition and schedule their assignments ( Gran t & A ; Spencer, 2003 ) . This is instead different from the traditional acquisition environment where scholars need to go to some classs in physical schoolrooms, and they need to make their assignments or take scrutinies within a certain clip frame ( Miller & A ; Corley, 2001 ) . As a consequence, e-learning scholars may take a longer clip to graduate, as compared to traditional pupils who need to finish their surveies within a clip frame ( Choy, 2002 ) .Requirement of online authorship accomplishmentWriting accomplishment is one of the indispensable accomplishments in e-learning environment and traditional environment. Learners with weak composing accomplishments can be at a obstruction to an e-learning environment ( Smith & A ; Rupp, 2004 ) . In on-line acquisition, it is a text-based environment that scholars need to frequently communicate in. Consequently, that exists on many defects in composing accomplishments severely impact on the acquisition procedure and ability to show p upils ‘ idea.MethodologyAnother restriction in e-learning is the deficiency of existent communicating. Schott et Al. ( 2003 ) expressed that the deficiency of physical interactions made e-learning pupils feel stray and discerning. In an online environment, it is excessively hard for pupils to have advice, when compared to face-to-face schoolroom. In unrecorded schoolrooms, interacting with the teachers or equals for information, scholars are cognizant of the job easy and larn more quickly. Body position, gestures, facial looks, and oculus motions do non be in e-learning. An illustration is when a pupil stated that he missed â€Å" facial and manus gestures † , from which of import cues can be derived ( Meyer,2003 ) . The deficiency of lively interactions will exclude pupils ‘ observation and can suppress their feelings and emotions, may forestall teachers from giving their feedbacks on pupil ‘s demands and consequently lead to restrictions of the acquisition procedure. E-learning non merely lacks physical interaction but besides blamed for non holding installations like traditional environment: internship, voluntary chances, entree to physical library, book shops, calling and development guidance ( McCraken, 2004 ) . Some acquisition establishments tried to supply these installations but they were excessively limited ( McCraken, 2004 ) . McCraken farther pointed out jobs such as budget, compatibility of package, and college policies, that hindered the development of incorporate back uping systems. In fact, pupils need to execute a batch of life world observations in nature every bit good as in society so as to develop their accomplishments and cognition, and this may be difficult to recognize through e-learning simulations. A set of method is based on engineerings and are developing and changing quickly along with e-learning. Traveling into e-learning is hard for teachers who are already familiar with the traditional instruction environment ( Angelina, 2002a, p.12 ; Strauss, 2003 ; Kearsley, 2000 ; Wang, 2003 ) . Strauss ( 2003 ) said that passage into e-learning is instead hard as it involves transition of physical instruction stuffs into e-learning stuffs and this takes clip to finish. Many teachers are non exposed to the necessary package, and do non desire to alter their instruction manners ( Levy, 2003 ) . In an online schoolroom, teachers are besides required holding many pedagogical accomplishments to pass on, usher and buttocks efficaciously. As a consequence, teachers need e-learning preparation before transitioning ( Levy, 2003 ; Strauss, 2003 ; Pachnowski, 2003 ) . A manner of learning in an online schoolroom is peculiar and different from a general manner of a traditional schoolroom. Due to underestimating e-learning, some teachers might compare it with face-to-face acquisition environments. All these complicates teachers ‘ passage towards e-learning.Interface designBad design of the e-course is a major affair for scholars and e-learning suppliers. It make users a stressed province and non good treated feeling ( Ivergard & A ; Hunt, 2005 ) . They farther mentioned this makes users to experience disgruntled and eventually give up larning. E-course design should be adapted for the demands of the scholars: it should be easy to utilize and pupils should hold easy entree to direction and information ( Howell, Williams & A ; Lindsay 2003 ; James-Gordon, Young & A ; Bal, 2003 ) . Svensson ( 2004 ) said that it is non easy to plan the e-learning e-course, as it should non be limited to merely content and should include other constituents to heighten acquisition. In brief, the hapless serviceability of the on-line class will forestall the scholar ‘s ability to get c ognition ( Smulders, 2003 ) . Since e-learning is normally designed fundamentally for practical cognition and apprehension of the ICT, it may be excessively proficient for ICT novitiates ( James-Gordon, Young & A ; Bal, 2003 ) . Therefore, to continue popularity and easy serviceability, e-course is redesigned for scholars from all backgrounds and categories to successfully entree and efficaciously usage. Although there are many e-courses available in the market, Sambrook ( 2003 ) mentioned that it is non easy for scholars to take a suited courseware that comes with relevant content and equal degrees. Before making or building an on-line class, the trainers and teachers need to see and measure package applications every bit good as the quality of the preparation stuffs and course of study. The rightness of the courseware may increase the scholar ‘s satisfaction ( Grooms, 2003 ) . Therefore, it is hard how to accommodate the quality of package execution and preparation class to reenforce cognition and accomplishment.Other issuesAlthough e-learning provides limitless entree anytime and anyplace, this may non be favorable to some persons. Dringus ( 2003 ) explained that scholars can post any inquiries in the forum or direct electronic mails whenever they are free ( even during weekends ) . This neverending acquisition and learning procedure will easy emphasize both the scholars and particularly the teachers ( Newton, 2003 ) . It is besides more time-consuming to steer on-line pupils, delegate a undertaking and give pupils a feedback on their Hagiographas. These e-learning teachers have heavy work loads and this may sabotage their public presentation and even cut down their opportunities to turn with the environment ( Dringus, 2003 ) . This will impact their work in learning or assist pupils, hence scholars may merely acquire an unacceptable scope of services. It is instead difficult to obtain academic honestness and justness in footings of on-line appraisal. because the e-learner can portion the username and the watchword with others during unsupervised online trials. Patalong ( 2003 ) provided another good illustration of rip offing when pupils shared or â€Å" cooperated † during an on-line scrutiny in Coventry University, United Kingdom. Submiting the online assignments, e-learners can be dishonest because they may trust on a spouse for aid to make the assignment. Schott et Al. ( 2003 ) referred to all these jobs as â€Å" digital cheating † , when scholars â€Å" utilised † computing machine engineering for rip offing or plagiarism. Many unlicensed schools have organized e-learning classs. Consequently, a figure of companies and bureaus do non acknowledge online grades and acknowledgment of e-learning classs is presently certain restriction. Therefore, achieving a making with accreditation position from e-learning is normally a job for pupils ( Collins, Buhalis & A ; Peters, 2003 ) . It is normal to admit that there be some on-line instruction institutes even selling grades for a certain sum of tuition fees and without any type of appraisal ( Khoo & A ; Azizan, 2004 ) . Due to the characteristic and map of e-learning, it must be examined further carefully and thoroughly scrutiny for accreditation and acknowledgment. Similarly, Eaton pointed out that accreditation is hard for distance acquisition establishments, as there are issues in the rating of instruction quality and the appraisal of the effectivity of the distance acquisition model ( Baker, 2003 ) . Taking portion in online acquisition, scholars from all over the universe will confront the troubles because of difference in clip zones. It is instead difficult for the teacher to schedule an on-line category to run into and fulfill the demands of different pupils from different clip zones. It is apparent to place that in an on-line class, pupils barely stipulate a clip period for group treatment due to the different clip zones in some subdivisions. Despite e-learning ‘s current popularity, does it hold any restrictions? Evan & A ; Hasse ( 2001 ) found out that scholars are reasonably missing in computing machine proficiency and, since e-learning is centered around computing machine engineerings, it is a barrier to those scholars without good computing machine accomplishments. In add-on, surveies of Evan & A ; Hasse ( 2001 ) , O'Regan ( 2003 ) and Rovai & A ; Jordan ( 2004 ) found out that scholars face limited physical interactions among themselves in e-learning.5.2.2. Restrictions of the web siteDue to the chief limitations on allocated clip and e-learning ‘s substructure, the empirical survey and its the consequences have the restrictions cited as follows. The empirical research is conducted on Moodle for 2nd linguistic communication learning with authorship activities. Therefore, it has yet non clarified the mutual relationship with other accomplishments that well contribute to success of on-line authorship. The survey was limited to merely two features – Moodle ‘s characteristics and procedure and genre-oriented authorship direction in the foreign linguistic communication section of schools. Simultaneous, the appraisal of the web site is based on these two cues. Therefore, the other issues as subjects on Moodle, excess plans, SCORM bundle, etc. are neglected. The information collected about respondents focused chiefly on students/teachers. Therefore, the probe does non execute on employees in vocational administrations and concern endeavors that are of import takers to pull general decisions of the installing and application of Moodle in the cognition economic system. Students ‘ on-line academic degree and instructors ‘ distant preparation criterion are still limited due to inadequate preparation course of study and a deficiency of ICT resources in institutes. Therefore, the consequences of research into on-line composing instruction will take to certain restraints on application of Moodle. Survey research and schoolroom state of affairs observation are chief research methods used in the thesis. The other research methods as instropection research, correlational research and experimental research are glanced up rapidly merely to back up some diminutive inside informations in research inquiries. Therefore, deep illations from an explorative probe are scarce to pull from.5.3 RecommendationsThe recommendations are drawn from the literature reappraisal and findings of the online composing study consequences achieved in this research are put frontward.5.3.1 Recommendation for farther research into Moodle ‘s systemThe followers is recommendations for farther research in the hereafter on the application and usage of the Moodle package in online composing instruction. In authorship, the subjects can be normally assigned for pupils and sometimes pupils can besides choose a subject on their ain and have a opportunity to transcribe anything they are cognizant of and cognize really good. Subjects are typical topics of developing paragraphs and essays and can be modified to suit about any sort of composing assignment. Teachers can farther mention to subjects through the web site reference or the book about authorship. Owing to restraints on clip and finance, the writer merely utilize the nucleus faculties and some add-on faculties to implement activities on Moodle. To similar surveies in the hereafter, it is suggested that research workers should use or develop authoring packages or bespoke package plans appropriately redesigned to their pupils. For illustration, an excess plan that helps pupils develop and form a set of thoughts to set up semantic maps for composing. This plan is intended to reenforce Moodle ‘s modular layout and attraction in online composing instruction by implanting sound, picture, and hyperlinks in it. In add-on to utilizing Moodle ‘s techniques in class activities, the writer besides suggests a farther survey of the interoperable theoretical account between on-line composing instruction and traditional authorship learning so as to make links harmonious and inheritable between regular method and technology-based method every bit good as between process-based composing direction and modular object-oriented authorship instruction. An experimental research is conducted among schools and concern endeavors in Vietnam by utilizing the same methodological analysis and measurement instrument to pull comparative decisions and to light positions on Moodle ‘s characteristics and activities It has been suggested that newest version of Moodle will be used because it integrates with connectivist, the emerging theory of larning for the digital bringing to explicate the technological impact on life doctrine: unrecorded, love and larn. A research is conducted to find whether Moodle ‘s resources, activities other characteristics, etc. are conditions necessary and sufficient for on-line activities in general and on-line authorship in peculiar. A farther study research is conducted to develop a package to make packaged on-line talks for usage in a distributed instruction environment, based on developing direction system as criterion of IMS Global Learning Consortium ( IMS GLC ) and Advanced Distributed Learning ( ADL )5.3.2 Recommendations for development research into e-learning in the hereafterDue to agencies and the topic of acquisition, the undermentioned recommendations for possible future research of e-learning are as follows:Mobile engineerings:Because of technological development and scholars who are without substructure or individuals whose occupations require them to continuously travel. Therefore, larning activities need to be transferred through nomadic engineerings as nomadic phones, PDAs ( personal digital helpers ) , digital pen and paper, etc.Simulations in e-learning procedure:Simulation engineering is used to analyse the possible result of a given state of affairs based on one or more known variables. The purpose of the simulation is to minimise an unwanted result, but to increase the opportunities for success. So, simulations may heighten talks, presentations, existent universe pattern, immersive environment and experiential acquisition.Learning personalizationOwing to the diverseness in individualised learning population, the diverseness in the entree media and modes, and diverseness in the context of usage of such engineerings. The most popular LMS like Moodle still does non back up larning personalization. Therefore, Researchers need to bridge the spread between the universes of Learning Management Systems ( LMSs ) and Adaptive Learning Environments ( ALEs ) . So, they map personalization functionality on different faculties of LMSs. Similarly, research workers of ALEs integrate their ALE within bing LMSs.Open beginning e-learning toolsFrom demands of extended developer communities and a certain e-learning package for instruction, unfastened beginning package applications are not iced due to be nest eggs, stableness, public presentation and entree to code. Users in the close hereafter will hold entree to outdo unfastened beginning package that should be built on unfastened criterions for the populace to analyze, alteration, better and administer the package in an collaborative mode.Standards developmentStandards development is aimed at linking involvement and concern of different groups in distributed acquisition community. It is conducted through the combination between current engineerings and public executions. The impression is to set up a mention theoretical account for the foundation of effectual Internet-based acquisition. These criterions are considered as the guidelines for the Godhead to plan, develop, and implement the acquisition content.