Nature Swaps in Latin America

Latin America is as of now in an obligation emergency. Poor administration, over loaning by banks, and a terrible turn on the planet economy has delivered serious obligation that is constraining these nations to abuse their common assets trying to facilitate their monetary issues. In any case, numerous people and associations have seen a silver coating to this cloud and are presently purchasing obligations (at a limited rate) and giving them back to the account holder nations as an end-result of ecological assurance. Albeit progressively hard to accomplish, these obligation for nature trades are advantageous to the indebted person nation and the world. So for what reason do we go to this difficulty for a couple of nations that are not even large players on the planet advertise? I found that we free around 40 million sections of land of woods every year and 27 million of that is tropical downpour forrest. (White house certainty sheet on the President†s Proposal for a Global Forest Convention). Taking into account that the world†s backwoods go about as breath, filtration, and cooling framework, we should put forth a purposeful attempt to ration and begin fixing the harm we have just done. An enormous piece of the universes woodland rest in the obligation ridden counrties of Latin America. While trying to reimburse these enormous obligations, nations are using their common resourses and stressing them to where their circumstance could have worldwide environmental consequences. There is an undenyable connection between the deforestation in Latin America and its enoumous obligation. Obligation for-nature trades exploit an in any case awful circumstance, turn it around, and use it to advance timberland protection in Latin America. The primary obligation for-nature trade was with the administration of Bolivia and the non government association Conservation International. From that point forward, the worldwide network and the United Nations have gotten the thought and now incorperate it in a considerable lot of their initatives and arrangements coordinated toward woodland preservation in Latin America. In an obligation for nature trade an association purchases an account holder countries remote obligation at a rebate ( since the vast majority of the universes budgetary associations are anxious to empty them) and afterward excuse it in return for a dedication by the nation to contribute the assumed worth of the obligation in ecological protection. The obligation is changed over for US dollars to neighborhood cash, which is utilized to subsidize the projects. This reduces the obligation, and demonstrates a deal to the association that started the trade. They likewise get higher perceivability and these kinds of exchanges get them associated with the nearby government permitting them to seek after future projects. Business banks additionally observe a potential paying off debtors for nature trades. Rather than clutching an obligation that will more than probably never be paid, they give it to a non government association and discount it as a magnanimous gift. All the more as of late, because of an adjustment in universal approach, they can not just sell the obligation at a markdown (recovering a portion of their misfortune) , however discount it at face worth and addition eminence for their contribution in natural security. The job of the account holder country is more troublesome. The indebted person country must consent to basically repurchase the obligation by financing the eviromental protection programs with the changed over cash and pay some other cost engaged with the exchange. Not an awful arrangement for the account holder country considering they would have needed to pay the underlying cost many occasions over just in intrigue installments. The USDA timberland administration says, † The indebted person country agrees to the trade terms; bear the expense of: 1 the repurchase of the obligation from the magnanimous association and 2 extra undertaking financing sympathizes with the differential between the rebate cost on the optional market and the swapping scale for obligation changed over into nearby money. Also, the venture may involve future repetitive consumptions for the host country†s open segment. † Almost all obligation for-nature trades have some US association. Normally we go about as the friendly benefactor, financing non government associations and setting up guidelines that the indebted person country must meet. In 1990 the US set up these guidelines under Title VI of the 1990 reality act. The borrower nation must gain ground toward the foundation of certain world bank change programs and be making changes in the remote and household speculation zone. The obligation trade between the non government association and the borrower nation is haggled by the US. In return for pardoning of the obligation the indebted person nation must make intrigue installments into the task, which is represented by a nearby government body. The body which arranges the trade is made out of relative US government associations and some non government relative associations. Their responsibility is to give direction and help do the regulatory moves required for such a trade. This sort of obligation for nature trade is exceptionally confused and has lead protection gatherings to search for ways around the wilderness of formality that encompasses these trades. One sort of trade that appears to sidestep a ton of these challenges is an intrigue trade. A similar fundamental rule applies, however with a bend. The outside obligation is changed over into long haul securities by the non government association and trades intrigue installments as an end-result of natural financing. The borrower country gets the chance to resign an obligation utilizing its own cash, which is redirected to the preservation program. Preservation associations get some security from swelling and maintain a strategic distance from the danger that the indebted person country will renege on its commitments. In the event that the indebted person country quits subsidizing natural projects, at that point intrigue installments continue. As a result of the assurance and relative simplicity of this sort of trade, it has become progressively famous among worldwide protection associations. Now and then a company may give or rebate resources it holds in Latin America since they can't benefit from them. The enterprise keeps in touch with them off as a beneficent gift and the non government association occupies assets for ecological assurance. This is a decent arrangement for both since the participation gets the chance to discount the entire thing and the protection association gets all the more value for their money. This likewise viably removes the US, the leading body of administrators, and generally, the nearby government. When difficult to reach money related assets are being tapped, an obligation is being resigned, and government bolstered ecological activities are being begun. This appears to be awfully included and troublesome and that is on the grounds that it is horribly included and troublesome. These trades are little contrasted with the general national shortage of these nations and that is on the grounds that they must be. In the event that they were done for an enormous scope, in the present condition of these nations economies, the inundation of household cash would haave a terrible inflationary impact on the economy, and that is the exact opposite thing these nations need. The receiptant nations they will free monetary sovergnity in these obligation for-nature trades. The giver association and the US moderators attach a wide range of specifications and conditions to these trades. Not exactly engaging conditions for nations that are as of now under the screws of the IMF and the World Bank. The IMF realizes they are the last trust in these nations and don't stop for a second to force piles of monetary conditions with their credits. In truth, they are in light of a legitimate concern for neo-liberal monetary change in any case, any progressions made in their delicate economy can have an undulating impact that can influence the political strength of an organization. In such a political atmosphere it is straightforward why numerous Latin American nations are hesitant to take an interest in these trades when there is a potiential further loss of their financial sovergnty. The goal and thought behind obligation for-nature trades are honorable be that as it may, the inquiry comes up, † Are we truly helping Latin American nations by meddling in their issues? â€Å". Is this simply progressively terrible breath discretion? These obligation for nature trades are probably going to just temporarly aleviate some of Latin Americas monetary difficulties. With these obligations resigned, they approach new assets and the pattern of getting will proceed with the deforestation. Other than sparing the downpour woods, what different plans do US and other global participations have as a primary concern for Debt-for-nature trades? I can't help suspecting this would be an ideal method to take controll of important characteristic assets and spare them for sometime in the future. All things considered, most obligation for-nature trades are basically a rent that last until the presumptive worth of the obligation has been spent on protection and afterward the administration assumes back responsibility for the land. Why not exploit Latin Americas awful circumstance and use it to clutch important land until they are out of emergency and the land is protected? Hang tight for better financial and natural conditions. Its less expensive than purchasing the land and paying duties on it so simply discount an awful advance Latin America is as of now in an obligation emergency. Poor administration, over loaning by banks, and an awful turn on the planet economy has delivered serious obligation that is driving these nations to abuse their characteristic assets trying to facilitate their monetary issues. Nonetheless, numerous people and associations have seen a silver covering to this cloud and are presently purchasing obligations (at a limited rate) and giving them back to the account holder nations as an end-result of ecological security. Albeit progressively hard to accomplish, these obligation for nature trades are helpful to the indebted person nation and the world. So for what reason do we go to this difficulty for a couple of nations that are not even huge players on the planet advertise? I found that we free around 40 million sections of land of woods every year and 27 million of that is tropical downpour forrest. (White house truth sheet on the President†s Proposal for a Global Forest Convention). Taking into account that the world†s woodland go about as breath, filtration, and cooling framework, we should put forth a purposeful attempt

Matthew Hale and the Creativity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Matthew Hale and the Creativity - Research Paper Example Robust was just 2 years of age when the Church of the Creator was established. He was the most youthful among 4 kin made out of young men. At the early age of 11, Hale purported that â€Å"white individuals had been liable for most by far of progress on the planet, and all things considered, the possibility that the races were 'equivalent' to each other appeared incorrect.† This was the year when the future Pontifex Maximus or most noteworthy cleric of Creativity had his racial arousing. During his university life, Hale composed articles for the college paper and there he upheld and defended conclusions towards White Separatism. The 80s was the period that ought to have begun grasping equity and started to wipe out bigotry yet there are still individuals who did the inverse and further segregate other people who are not white.3 Klassen expressed in his book that â€Å"the dark man is in actuality the most hazardous animal on the essence of the earth to the further endurance o f the White Race. He is a peril that matches that of the Jew himself, in spite of the fact that for various reasons. In all actuality, the Jew is by a wide margin the more prominent in general peril in controlling and obliterating the White Race.†4 The organizer of the WCOTC is one of the individuals who impacted the belief systems of Hale during his university days. ... There were occasions that followed that Hitler and his different companions didn't endorsed of. Hitler and the others thought of the goes about as a selling out from the moralities that they were battling for. This was the start of Hitler’s scorn towards others who have contradicting sentiments towards his perspectives.5 Klassen thought about Germany, Adolf Hitler and National Socialism as contenders for salvation. It was not simply Hale who has been impacted by Hitler yet additionally the organizer of the WCOTC himself. It would not be an astonishment with respect to why the Creativity Movement are loaded with outrage and contempt to the individuals who are not White as well as to the individuals who are White yet Jews. Klassen even celebrated Hitler’s coldhearted activities by expressing the accompanying, â€Å"Well, he has done a lot. First off he has gotten us time. As we expressed already, without a doubt before the finish of the 1930's everything of Europe and in all likelihood the entire world would lie squashed and gutted, groveling at the feet of the merciless Jewish beast †socialist Marxism. Adolf Hitler didn't bite the dust futile. He passed on for his darling White Race, including you and me. He got us at any rate 50 years of time in which we could mobilize ourselves and put forth an extraordinary Final attempt to successfully pulverize the beast that is presently as yet grasping at our throat.†6 There are two or three things that Klassen and Hitler had confidence in that supplemented the contemplations and perspectives of Hale; this would be detest and prejudice. Something else in like manner between the 2 individuals who affected Hale was both Klassen and Hitler submitted suicide.7 8 When Hale was broadcasted as the Pontifex Maximus in 1996, he turned into the most unmistakable and best pioneer of the WCOTC. The World

Twitter Talk Thursday is today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Twitter Talk Thursday is today COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is just a reminder that our fall Twitter Talk Thursday series is up and running again. For those of you who arent familiar with it, I offer all of our applicants another way to reach out to us with their questions in monthly Twitter chats. Just tag SIPAs Twitter account and use #askSIPA when you ask your question at select times. Ill answer you right then and there! The dates for the chats are listed on the right-hand side  of the blog, under Important Dates. But for your reference Ive also included them below. September 29, 2016 October 27, 2016 November 17, 2016 December 15, 2016 January 26, 2017 REMEMBER: Tweet us @ColumabiSIPA with #askSIPA on Thursdays at 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST and 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST

Bio of French Impressionist Painter Boudin

Louis Eugà ¨ne Boudins pint-sized paintings may not enjoy the same reputation as the more ambitious works by his star pupil Claude Monet, but their diminutive dimensions should not diminish their significance. Boudin introduced his fellow Le Havre resident to the pleasures of painting en plein air, which decided the future for talented young Claude. In this respect, and although he was technically a key precursor, we may consider Boudin among the founders of the Impressionist movement. Boudin participated in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, and also exhibited in the annual Salon that year. He did not participate in any subsequent Impressionist exhibitions, preferring instead to stick to the Salon system. It was only in his last decade of painting that Boudin experimented with the broken brushwork for which Monet and the rest of the Impressionists were known. Life The son of a sea captain who settled in Le Havre in 1835, Boudin met artists through his fathers stationery and framing shop, which also sold artists supplies. Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855), Constant Troyon (1810-1865) and Jean-Franà §ois Millet (1814-1875) would come by and offer the young Boudin advice. However, his favorite art hero at the time was the Dutch landscapist Johan Jongkind (1819-1891). In 1850, Boudin received a scholarship to study art in Paris. In 1859, he met Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) and poet/art critic Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), who took an interest in his work. That year Boudin submitted his work to the Salon for the first time and was accepted. Beginning in 1861, Boudin divided his time between Paris during the winter and the Normandy coast during the summer. His small canvases of tourists on the beach received respectable attention and he often sold these quickly painted compositions to the people who had been captured so effectively. Boudin loved to travel and set out for Brittany, Bordeaux, Belgium, Holland and Venice quite often. In 1889 he won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle and in 1891 he became a knight of the Là ©gion dhonneur. Late in life Boudin moved to the south of France, but as his health deteriorated he chose to return to Normandy to die in the region that launched his career as one of the maverick plein-air painters of his era. Important Works: On the Beach, Sunset, 1865The Nurse/Nanny on the Beach, 1883-87Trouville, View Taken from the Heights, 1897 Born: July 12, 1824, Trouville, France Died: August 8, 1898, Deauville, France

The Passage of Time and Life in The Swimmer, by John Cheever

Having written a multitude of short stories and novels, author, John Cheever, has showcased his incredible writing abilities multiple times throughout his career. Even as a child, Cheever outwardly expressed his desire to write. As proven by his longstanding career, Cheever’s thirst for writing remained with him throughout his entire life. In perhaps his most famous piece of work, â€Å"The Swimmer,† Cheever’s impeccable writing ability is showcased brilliantly. Although originally set out to be a novel, â€Å"The Swimmer† has grown to become a widely recognized and analyzed short story, one which both readers and literary critics alike admire. By drawing on his personal life and by using a wide range of writing techniques, Cheever depicts and†¦show more content†¦It is this structure precisely that gives Cheever’s works the power to resonate with a wide range of individuals. Author of John Cheevers Flowering Forth: The Breakthroughs of 194 7, James O’Hara, discusses this aspect of Cheever’s writing in his academic journal: He had continued to experiment with the choice of materials for his stories, and had gradually won over editors with a combination of solid structural technique-he had always known how to put a story together-and Hemingwayesque understatement. (51) Although O’Hara did not specifically address the short story â€Å"The Swimmer† in this particular excerpt, this quotation is nonetheless viable and true in its claims. Along with a solid structure, in order for a piece of fiction to resonate with readers, the work also has to have meaningful characters. Cheever has proven to excel in this aspect of writing as well. This excellence can also be attributed to Cheever and his personal life. Bloom writes: Just like his characters, then, Cheever was not a perfect man, yet he was a decent one, who believed in heroism and sentiment and family and a minor mans capacity to glory. Neddy Merrill, the main character in â€Å"The Swimmer,† can be described in a similar manner, for he too is an imperfect man who seeks glory and purpose. In the same vein, literary analyst, Robert A. Morace, states: The characters in this and other Cheever fictions all face the sameShow MoreRelatedThe Swimmer, by John Cheever1513 Words   |  7 Pagesobserved, Time changes everything except something within us which is always surprised by change. In The Swimmer, the world around Ned Merrill, the main character, transforms c onstantly as time goes by, causing Neds physical, mental, and social state to decline. However, although Ned Merrill experiences the inevitable - growing older - he does not fully grasp reality and the idea that time moves on, even if one is not ready. The Swimmer is a short story written by John Cheever, a writer whoRead MoreUse of Point of View, Setting and Symbolism in The Swimmer, by John Cheever942 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Swimmer,† a short fiction by John Cheever, presents a theme to the reader about the unavoidable changes of life. The story focuses on the round character by the name of Neddy Merrill who is in extreme denial about the reality of his life. He has lost his youth, wealth, and family yet only at the end of the story does he develop the most by experiencing a glimpse of realization on all that he has indeed lost. In the short story â€Å"The Swimmer,† John Cheever uses point of view,Read MoreJohn Cheevers The Swimmer, O Youth and Beauty!, and The Enormous Radio1563 Words   |  7 Pagesenchanting his audience than John Cheever. John Cheever wrote many short stories throughout his life. He has been presented with many awards for his works. Cheever was a master of spinning tales about suburban life and other situations he experienced. Some of his most popuar works included â€Å"The Swimmer†, â€Å"O Youth and Beauty!†, and â€Å"The Enormous Radio†. His works were well received by the public and he achieved great fame during his lifetime. However, he also lived a life of hardship and scandal. EvenRead MoreLosing Time in Life: The Swimmer by John Cheever1203 Words   |  5 Pages Founding Father Benjamin Franklin, once declared â€Å"Lost time is never found again.† This quote ties to the meaning of how people frequently let time seep through their hands. John Cheever’s The Swimmer portrays this through the eyes of suburban man Neddy. Neddy is the average ‘Joeâ₠¬â„¢ of most suburban households. Life in suburbia is repetitive in most scenarios, and humans can easily get lost in the monotonous adventure known aslife. Time leaks away from his figure, and he is not sure of he is theRead MoreCharacter Comparison: â€Å"The Swimmer† and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Cheever and F. Scott Fitzgerald are both 20th century writers whose story’s thematically reflected the despair and the emptiness of life. In both story’s â€Å"The Swimmer† and â€Å"Babylon Revisited† the main characters undergo similar problems, although they are presented differently in each story. The subject matter of both stories, pertain to the ultimate downfall of a man. â€Å"The Swimmer†, conveys the story of a man who swims his way into reality. He at first is very ignorant to his situation; howeverRead MoreThe Fleeting of Social Status Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagesmany fail to realize that one can plummet from highest social class to the bottom, without even realizing how or why. John Cheevers The Swimmer, examines and reveals this problem through conflicts of attitude between the narrator and the viewpoint character, Neddy Merrill. The narrator conveys the attitude that social status is fleeting through the use of irony and shifts in time. Neddys attitude, however, is to cling to his social status through denial, over-rationalization and an arrogant senseRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pageswould emerge only through the telling of multiple such sections. Fables, succinct tales with an explicit moral, were said by the Greek historian Herodotus to have been invented in the 6th century BCE by a Greek slave named Aesop, though other times and nationalities have also been given for him. These ancient fables are today known as Aesops Fables. The other ancient form of short story, the anecdote, was popular under the Roman Empire. Anecdotes functioned as a sort of parable, a briefRead MoreThe Bronze And Iron Age Essay2093 Words   |  9 Pagessource for knowing what the Greeks were thinking in the eighth century B.C. as they fought each other and sailed across dangerous seas to found new city states in alien lands. Greeks believe that that heroic society described by Homer flourished at a time corresponding to the 13th or early 12th century in our chronology. Homers greatest works are the Iliad and Odyssey. The both tell the story of heroes trying to survive their way through war and other things. Here is just an example of Homer’s poetry

Excellence vs. Success Free Essays

Excellence vs.. Success Ohio Christian University 2 Excellence and success are two words that most people have a fear of either having or not having. We will write a custom essay sample on Excellence vs. Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now Growing up in an ever changing world where technology was Just beginning, cell phones were giant radios that you would carry around in a big black box and the internet was rarely heard of by the hustle and bustle of every day common people, excellence was not even in my vocabulary. It seems to take a great number of us most of our adult life to live up to our full potential and sadly, many of us never do. Johnston Nonstop 2004) defines excellence and success in a manner that anyone could understand. He says it is a certain life style, a manner of living, a hierarchy of values, an admirable self-imposed standard (p. 25). Excellence is determined by the individual defining it and, therefore, means for each of us the definition of excellence is different and on our own terms. According to Johnston (2004) success, on the other hand, is defined by cultural ideas, that â€Å"pot of gold at the end of the rainbow’ (p. 30). The question is does success outweigh excellence in today’s society? We are defined by our clothes, the cars we drive, the house we live in, our bank accounts and even our friends. We all strive for success, that pot of gold, but how many of us strive for excellence? Excellence and success can be prevented by a lack of confidence and fear. We seem to put unrealistic expectations on ourselves and that fear of failure prevents many of us from living up to our full potential, this I have learned from my own personal experience. For these two words 3 being so closely related, society seems to get them greatly confused. There was a time success was most important to me but not anymore. When I was saved I began to strive for excellence Just by my actions. Living a life of Christ requires excellence which reminds me of a bible verse I read â€Å"Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates†. (Proverbs 31 :31 XIV). My actions today need to reflect upon me when I reach the gates of heaven. I will make mistakes along the way because I am human but I also know that as long as I give 110 percent I am doing my best. References Johnston, J. , Costing, K. W. (2004). Christian Excellence: Alternative to Success (2nd De. ). Franklin, TN: KOOK pub. How to cite Excellence vs. Success, Papers

The Bedroom free essay sample

The Bedroom by Vincent Van Gogh Although viewing a painting by definition, includes the process of visual perception, it is not limited to the eye of the beholder. I have chosen to look at Van Goghs 1888 oil on canvas painting, The Bedroom. What one sees in any image is colored by a plethora of factors that inform the viewer- consciously and unconsciously. Thus, Platos argument about the objectivety of art, its quantifiable ability to be Judged is based on a flimsy, static version of human beings. But, it is equally strange to pretend that an image is merely a subjective xperience, as though the context, history, and intention were not part of the process. As Berger notes in his essay, Ways of Seeing, [w]hen an image is presented as a work of art, the way people look at it is affected by a whole series of learned assumptions about art. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bedroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assumptions concerning: Beauty, Truth, Genius, Civilization, Even with this in mind, or maybe, because of it, we Form, Status, Tast, etc. nevertheless invariably find some images more to our liking then others. Berger, for example admits that Caravaggids, The Calling of St. Matthew is his favorite painting. As I have looked at many images for this essay, I have been virtually called to Van Goghs, The Bedroom. There is so much about life that begins and ends in a bedroom. Most of us probably began our life in a bedroom. The bedroom is a place of deep intimacy, it is the place of needed rest, we begin and end most days in our bedroom. It is our home within our home. One-third of our lives are spent in the bedroom. Without even the slightest amount of sexuality, Van Goghs, The Bedroom seduces me and I become captive to its call. Berger says it like this, [w]hat is this seduction he writes of? It is nothing less than the painting working upon us. Van Gogh painted, The Bedroom three times; two times after the first painting was damaged. The paintings are almost identical with slight changes in tone and color. The first, my favorite, is housed in the Van Gogh Museam in Amsterdam. However, more significantly, the first painting was done in September 18881 and the following two were painted in September or October of 1889. Van Gogh, took his own life on July 29, 1890. And so, there is a context to this painting that includes the fact that he painted it two more times and that the original was done less than two years before his death. According to Art Historian, Debra Mancoff, Wan Gogh himself said that his approch in The Bedroom, was simple, intended to give weight and gravity to the subject while evoking the sense of restful sleep. (cf. Van Gogh Gallery). Sleep, the often used metaphor for death is obvioulsy a major theme in Van Goghs, The Bedroom. Berger observes that, [E]very image embodies a way of seeing. The Bedroom By annwelzig

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander Anaximander was a Greek philosopher who had a deep interest in cosmology as well as a systematic view of the world (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although little about his life and world is known today he was one of the first philosophers to write down his studies and he was an advocate of science and trying to understand the structure and organization of the world. As such he made many significant contributions to early geography and cartography and he is believed to have created the first published world map. Anaximander’s Life Anaximander was born in 610 B.C.E. in Miletus (present-day Turkey). Little is known about his early life but it is believed that he was a student of the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (Encyclopedia Britannica). During his studies, Anaximander wrote about astronomy, geography and the nature and organization of the world around him. Today only a small portion of Anaximander’s work survives and much of what is known about his work and life is based on reconstructions and summaries by later Greek writers and philosophers. For example in the 1st or 2nd century C.E. Aetius became compiling the work of early philosophers. His work was later followed by that of Hippolytus in the 3rd century and Simplicius in the 6th century (Encyclopedia Britannica). Despite the work of these philosophers, however, many scholars believe that Aristotle and his student Theophrastus are most responsible for what is known about Anaximander and his work today (The European Graduate School). Their summaries and reconstructions show that Anaximander and Thales formed the Milesian School of Pre-Socratic philosophy. Anaximander is also credited with inventing the gnomon on the sundial and he believed in a single principle that was the basis for the universe (Gill). Anaximander is known for writing a philosophical prose poem called On Nature and today only a fragment still exists (The European Graduate School). It is believed that many of the summaries and reconstructions of his work were based on this poem. In the poem, Anaximander describes a regulating system that governs the world and the cosmos. He also explains that there is an indefinite principle and element that form the basis for the Earth’s organization (The European Graduate School). In addition to these theories Anaximander also early new theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. Contributions to Geography and Cartography Because of his focus on the organization of the world much of Anaximander’s work contributed significantly to the development of early geography and cartography. He is credited with designing the first published map (which was later revised by Hecataeus) and he may have also built one of the first celestial globe (Encyclopedia Britannica). Anaximander’s map, although not detailed, was significant because it was the first attempt to show the entire world or at least the portion that was known to the ancient Greeks at the time. It is believed that Anaximander created this map for a number of reasons. One of which was to improve navigation between the colonies of Miletus and other colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas (Wikipedia.org). Another reason for creating the map was to show the known world to other colonies in an attempt to make them want to join the Ionian city-states (Wikipedia.org). The final stated for creating the map was that Anaximander wanted to show a global representation of the known world to increase knowledge for himself and his peers.   Anaximander believed that the inhabited portion of the Earth was flat and it was made up of the top face of a cylinder (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also stated that the Earth’s position was not supported by anything and it simply remained in place because it was equidistant from all other things (Encyclopedia Britannica).   Other Theories and Accomplishments In addition to the structure of the Earth itself, Anaximander was also interested in the structure of the cosmos, the origin of the world and evolution. He believed that the sun and moon were hollow rings filled with fire. The rings themselves according to Anaximander had vents or holes so that the fire could shine through. The different phases of the moon and eclipses were a result of the vents closing. In trying to explain the origin of the world Anaximander developed a theory that everything originated from the apeiron (the indefinite or infinite) instead of from a specific element (Encyclopedia Britannica). He believed that motion and the ape iron were the origin of the world and motion caused opposite thing such as hot and cold or wet and dry land for instance to be separated (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also believed that the world was not eternal and would eventually be destroyed so a new world could begin. In addition to his belief in apeiron, Anaximander also believed in evolution for the development of the Earth’s living things. The world’s first creatures were said to have come from evaporation and humans came from another type of animal (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although his work was later revised by other philosophers and scientists to be more accurate, Anaximander’s writings were significant to the development of early geography, cartography, astronomy and other fields because they represented one of the first attempts to explain the world and its structure/organization. Anaximander died in 546 B.C.E. in Miletus. To learn more about Anaximander visit the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Mammoths and Mastodons - Ancient Extinct Elephants

Mammoths and Mastodons - Ancient Extinct Elephants Mammoths and mastodons are two different species of extinct proboscidean (herbivorous land mammals), both of which were hunted by humans during the Pleistocene, and both of which share a common end. Both of the  megafauna- which means their bodies were larger than 100 pounds (45 kilograms)- died out at the end of the Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago, as part of the great megafaunal extinction. Fast Facts: Mammoths and Mastodons Mammoths are members of the Elephantidae family, including the woolly mammoth and the Columbian mammoth.  Mastodons are members of the Mammutidae family, restricted to North America and only distantly related to mammoths.  Mammoths thrived in grasslands; mastodons were forest dwellers.Both were hunted by their predators, human beings, and they both died out at the end of the Ice Age, part of the megafaunal extinction. Mammoths and mastodons were hunted by people, and numerous archaeological sites have been found around the world where the animals were killed and/or butchered. Mammoths and mastodons were exploited for meat, hide, bones, and sinew for food and other purposes, including bone and ivory tools, clothing, and house construction. Mammoths The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), or tundra mammoth. Science Picture Co / Getty Images Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius or wooly mammoth) were a species of ancient extinct elephant, members of the Elephantidae family, which today includes modern elephants (Elephas and Loxodonta). Modern elephants are long-lived, with a complicated social structure; they use tools and demonstrate a wide range of complex learning skills and behavior. At this point, we still dont know whether the wooly mammoth (or its close relative the Columbian mammoth) shared those characteristics. Mammoth adults were about 10 feet (3 meters) tall at the shoulder, with long tusks and a coat of long reddish or yellowish hair- which is why youll sometimes see them described as wooly (or woolly) mammoths. Their remains are found throughout the northern hemisphere, becoming widespread in northeast Asia from 400,000 years ago. They reached Europe by the late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 or beginning of MIS 6 (200,000–160,000 years ago), and northern North America during the Late Pleistocene. When they arrived in North America, their cousin Mammuthus  columbi (the Columbian mammoth) was dominant, and both are found together at some sites. Wooly mammoth remains are found within an area of some 33 million square kilometers, living everywhere except where there was inland glacier ice, high mountain chains, deserts and semi-deserts, year-round open water, continental shelf regions, or the replacement of tundra-steppe by extended grasslands. Mastodons Mastodon model in the Museum of Natural History Science, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal. Richard Cummins / Lonely Planet Images / Getty Images Mastodons (Mammut americanum), on the other hand, were also ancient, enormous elephants, but they belong to the family Mammutidae and are only distantly related to the wooly mammoth. Mastodons were slightly smaller than mammoths, between 6–10 ft (1.8–3 m) tall at the shoulder), had no hair, and were restricted to the North America continent. Mastodons are one of the most common species of fossil mammal found, particularly mastodon teeth, and the remains of this late Plio-Pleistocene proboscidean are found across North America. Mammut americanum was primarily a forest-dwelling browser during the late Cenozoic of North America, feasting primarily on woody elements and fruit. They occupied dense coniferous forests of spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus), and stable isotope analysis has shown they had a focused feeding strategy equivalent to C3 browsers. Mastodons fed on woody vegetation and kept to a different ecological niche than its contemporaries, the Columbian mammoth found in the cool steppes and grasslands in the western half of the continent, and the gomphothere, a mixed feeder who resided in tropical and subtropical environments. Analysis of mastodon dung from the Page-Ladson site in Florida (12,000 bp) indicates that they also ate hazelnut, wild squash (seeds and the bitter rind), and Osage oranges. The possible role of mastodons in the domestication of squash is discussed elsewhere. Sources Fisher, Daniel C. Paleobiology of Pleistocene Proboscideans. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46.1 (2018): 229–60. Print.Grayson, Donald K., and David J. Meltzer. Revisiting Paleoindian Exploitation of Extinct North American Mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science 56 (2015): 177–93. Print.Haynes, C. Vance, Todd A. Surovell, and Gregory W. L. Hodgins. The U.P. Mammoth Site, Carbon County, Wyoming, USA: More Questions Than Answers. Geoarchaeology 28.2 (2013): 99–111. Print.Haynes, Gary, and Janis Klimowicz. A Preliminary Review of Bone and Teeth Abnormalities Seen in Recent Loxodonta and Extinct Mammuthus and Mammut, and Suggested Implications. Quaternary International 379 (2015): 135–46. Print.Henrikson, L. Suzann, et al. Folsom Mammoth Hunters? The Terminal Pleistocene Assemblage from Owl Cave (10bv30), Wasden Site, Idaho. American Antiquity 82.3 (2017): 574–92. Print.Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich. The Maximum Geographic Extension of Late Pl eistocene Mammuthus Primigenius (Proboscidea, Mammalia) and Its Limiting Factors. Quaternary International 379 (2015): 147–54. Print. Kharlamova, Anastasia, et al. Preserved Brain of the Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius (Blumenbach 1799)) from the Yakutian Permafrost. Quaternary International 406, Part B (2016): 86–93. Print.Plotnikov, V. V., et al. Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the New Finds of Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus Primigenius Blumenbach, 1799) in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, Yakutia, Russia. Quaternary International 406, Part B (2016): 70–85. Print.Roca, Alfred L., et al. Elephant Natural History: A Genomic Perspective. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3.1 (2015): 139–67. Print.

Morphsuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morphsuits - Essay Example The founders of the company include two brothers Fraser and Ali Smeaton, and Gregor Lawson who was their flatmate. The founders of the company lived in Edinburgh, the headquarters of the company, Scotland and this innovation would have phenomenal growth in the country and across the world. The three seized the opportunity in what can be described as an entrepreneurial move and started the production of morphsuits from their apartment (BBC News, 2014). The entrepreneurial characteristic that is important in innovations and development relates to the identification of an opportunity and its maximum utilization as the three founder members did with the introduction of morphsuits. The idea stemming from the party and the dress code of their friend who was prominent at the party getting a lot of attention, being bought drinks and taking numerous pictures spurred the theme behind morphsuits. The three founders took the opportunity and made an investment of one thousand dollars each while ensuring improvement to the bodysuit. The improvement to the morphsuits that distinguished it from the body suit was the provision of better vision. Two additional characteristics are exhibited in the development of morphsuits with the first one being taking of risks in terms of investments. Innovations are done on the projection of positive results in the future, but so are the chances of failure and hence innovations have to be accompanied by an incr eased level of risk acceptance. Innovations are possible when people are risk takers as opposed to being risk averse. The second element visible from the morphsuits example touches on the improvement in quality or an identified aspect of an existing product or idea. The morphsuits designed by the three founders cover the whole body and come in different varieties of designs to suit the expectations of consumers. The name morphsuits might be assumed ambiguous, but on the

Foundations of terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foundations of terrorism - Essay Example Today, almost every terrorist group makes use of suicide terrorism to some extent to cause terror and instability in the targeted place. However, the terrorist groups that have made the greatest use of this form of terrorism are Al-Qaeda (based in Afghanistan and operating mainly in Afghanistan and Pakistan), Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Hamas (based in Palestine), and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (based in Sri Lanka). The main aim of the suicide terrorist attacks is to make a democratic government to withdraw its forces from the terrorists’ occupied areas (Pape, 2005). Similarly, some terrorist groups carry out suicide attacks in response to foreign occupation of their land (Pape, 2005). We can take example of suicide attacks on Pakistani civilians and military forces. Pakistan is a neighbor of Afghanistan and almost a second home to the Al-Qaeda terrorists. Al-Qaeda is still active despite of the loss of its top leadership by the American forces on account of its attack on the World Trade Centre (Kugelman, 2014). The group is expanding rapidly and is becoming a big threat to the lives of thousands of people (Salama & Hansell, 2005, p. 615). Al-Qaeda has been targeting forces and civilians of Pakistan since American occupation of Afghanistan. The reason they give for these terrorist attacks is that of the support that Pakistan has provided and is still providing to the NATO forces operating in Afghanistan. Similarly, Hamas has also carried out a number of suicide attacks on Israeli targets because of Palestine’s conflict with Israel and Israeli occupation of some of the Palestinian territory. Another example is of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) which acted actively in two completes decades of 1980’s and 1990’s and in the first of half of 2000’s to get an independent state for Tamil

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment Abstract The Corsi block-tapping task (CBT) is a widely used experimental tool for assessing visuo-spatial memory in both clinical and research contexts. However, whether information other than those spatial and visual (i.e., motor information) play also a role in CBT performance is still a matter of debate. Here, we investigated such issue through a crossed double dissociation design by observing how motor, visual, and spatial secondary tasks affect the performance on three versions of the CBT (standard, automatic and two-dimension). Results showed a double dissociation pattern, wherein two motor secondary tasks had larger effects when the CBT was administered by the examiner tapping on the blocks (standard version). A spatial secondary task had larger effects when the CBT was administered by automatically illuminating the blocks (automatic version). Finally, a visual secondary task had larger effects on a two-dimension, computerized version of the CBT. These findings suggest that memory for movements plays a relevant role in the CBT, and are especially relevant due to their implications for assessment of brain-damaged patients, besides providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Keywords: Corsi block-tapping task, visuo-spatial memory, memory for movements. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by a MIUR grant C26F014219 to F.F. Introduction The Corsi Block Tapping test (Milner, 1971; Corsi, 1972) has been widely used in cognitive psychology and in clinical neuropsychology to measure visuo-spatial memory (e.g., Kessels, de Haan, Kappelle, Postma, 2003; Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004) usually within the framework provided by the working memory model (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). The standard apparatus consists of identical blocks irregularly arranged on a board. According to the standard administration procedure, but procedures vary widely among authors, the examiner taps on the blocks in randomized sequences of increasing length. The subject has to immediately reproduce each sequence, continuing until no longer accurate. Performance is measured as the longest sequence of blocks that is correctly reproduced. Notwithstanding Baddeley (2001) reported the CBT as the task that is most closely related to the visuo-spatial short term memory, it is still not clear what of the two components, visual or spatial, it actually measures (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998; Quinn, 2008). This issue is relevant, since studies of both healthy individuals and brain-damaged patients demonstrated dissociable visual and spatial memory systems in humans (Klauer Zhao, 2004; Carlesimo, Perri, Turriziani, Tomaiuolo, Caltagirone, 2001). Such a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory is in fair agreement with evidence in primates of separate processing streams for visual and spatial features of objects (e.g., Goodale Milner, 1992). Indeed, it has been proposed in both primates and humans that the dorsal visual system supports spatial working memory functions, and that the ventral visual system supports visual working memory for features of objects (e.g., Goldman-Rakic, 1987). Evidences for a further fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory were also reported, suggesting specific components of working memory for motor and kinesthetic information (Smyth, 1990). A close link between motor systems and visuo-spatial working memory was actually proposed since the very first studies about working memory (Baddeley, Grant, Wight, Thomson, 1975). However, Smyth and her co-workers (Smyth Pendleton, 1989) firstly suggested that a specific kinesthetic component of working memory might be responsible for the encoding and maintenance of remembered patterned movements (those aimed to bring the body parts into a specific configuration), whereas positional movements (movements targeted towards specific external spatial stimuli) appear to be encoded and maintained within the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Notwithstanding the evidence favorable to a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory into multiple components, not necessarily independent one of each other, their relationship with the CBT has been actually scarcely investigated in literature. Though, the complex administration procedure of the CBT makes a more detailed analysis of the processes underlying the CBT strongly needed (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998). More interestingly, and maybe less obviously, the CBT might involve a memory for positional movements, because the administration procedure focuses on the movements of the examiner. However, the contribution of a memory for positional movements in the CBT task has never been investigated so far. It is also worth noting that computerized, two-dimension CBT versions have been frequently used (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004), albeit it is not known whether the standard and the computerized versions of the task are equivalent. The present study aims at investigating the architecture of the visuo-spatial working memory as measured by the CBT, through a crossed double dissociation design (Dunn Kirsner, 1988). We followed a standard dual-task procedure, using four secondary tasks aimed at interfering with the spatial, visual, and motor components of visuo-spatial working memory. They were crossed with three versions of the CBT: a) a standard version, wherein the sequences were given by the experimenter tapping on the blocks; in this version of the CBT the supposed motor/positional component was fully present; b) an â€Å"automatic† version, wherein the sequences were given by the blocks being illuminated; in this version the motor/positional component was removed from the task, while the spatial component was unaffected; c) a two-dimension version, presented on a computer monitor, wherein the sequences were given by the squares on the monitor changing their color; in this version, the spatial componen t of the task was reduced, albeit obviously not eliminated, by requiring the task to be performed on a 2D plane instead than in a 3D space. Method Participants. Forty-eight healthy, right handed individuals (mean age 22.4 years) participated in the experiment. All the participants reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and were naà ¯ve as to the purposes of the experiment. Stimuli and apparatus. The apparatus was composed of eight translucent white 3 x 3 x 3 cm blocks, each one containing a red light emitting diode (LED). The blocks were fixed at random positions on a 23 x 30 cm translucent white board. Procedure. Three administration procedures were used. In the standard procedure participants observed the experimenter tapping on the blocks, with his/her index finger, at a rate of one block per s, lifting the hand straight up before moving it to the next block (Standard). In the second procedure the to-be-remembered sequence was presented by the computer turning on and off the red LEDs inside the blocks, at a rate of one block per s (Automatic). A third, two-dimension version of the CBT was also used, as it is frequently used in literature as a substitute of the standard version. It was composed of eight blue squares appearing on the computer screen at the same relative positions as the 3D version described above. On each trial, the to-be-remembered sequence was indicated by the blocks changing color from blue to red and again to blue, at a rate of one block per s. The CBT was administered to all the participants according to the three procedures described above, in random order. P articipants had to reproduce the sequence immediately after its administration, by tapping on the blocks using their index finger. Sequences from 3 to 9 blocks in length were presented in ascending order, with two trials per length. All the fourteen sequences were administered to each participant. For each subject, different sequences, equated for paths’ length, were randomly assigned to the three versions of the test. Each participant performed each version of the task both alone (single task condition), and along with one of four interference conditions (dual task condition), in random order: patterned-motor interference, motor interference, spatial interference and visual interference. In the patterned-motor interference condition, participants had to tap with their right index finger on the four corners of a mouse-pad, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed clockwise and continuously, at a rate of about one tap per s. Whereas this task is known to interfere with the CBT (Smyth Pelky, 1992), it has both spatial and motor features that makes it difficult to disentangle their contribution. Thus, to remove the spatial component from this task we added a motor interference condition, wherein participants had to snap fingers with their right hand, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed continuously, in a regular manner (one snap per s, approximately). The experimenter controlled for the movement being correctly executed. In the spatial interference condition, participants were required to say aloud the side of each of a series of 1000 Hz tones randomly presented to their left or right ear through headphones, at 30 Db Spl with a constant inter-stimulus interval of 2 s. This listening task is supposed to interfere with the spatial component of the visuo-spatial sketchpad [18]. Finally, in the visual interference condition, one of three LEDs placed at the center of the board (one of three colored circles in the Two-Dimension Version) were turned on and off at a rate of one per s. On half the trials the regular sequence was violated, by turning on a differently colored led (on the 3D versions) or displaying a different colored circle (on the 2D version). At the end of each trial, participants were required to say whether a violation occurred on that trial. Twelve participants were randomly assigned to the Patterned-motor, Motor, Spatial, and Visual Interference conditions, respectively. The participants’ performance was measured as the longest sequence that was correctly reproduced at least once (memory span). Performance data were analyzed in a 3x2x4 ANOVA mixed design, with Version (standard, automatic, and two-dimension, within subjects), Condition (single task, dual task, within subjects), and Interference (patterned-motor, motor, spatial, and visual interference, between subjects) as factors. Results One participant in the Spatial Interference condition and two participants in the Visual Interference condition have been excluded from the following analyses because of the relatively large number of errors committed on the interference tasks. The remaining participants performed all the interference tasks at optimal levels, committing less than 3% of errors across visual and spatial interference tasks, and maintaining a regular mean rate of finger snapping and spatial tapping of about 1.2 per s. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the mean memory span length for each version of the CBT and for each interference condition. A preliminary sphericity test failed to show any significant violation of the assumptions underlying the Version and the Version by Condition interference effects (p>.05 in all cases). The analysis of performance data showed significant main effects of Condition (F1,41=139.93, MSE=.42, p2,82=4.24, MSE=.63, p6,82=3.61, MSE=.63, p6,82=4.33, MSE=.63, p.05 in all cases). This finding ensures that the administration procedure did not affect the difficulty of the task. However, the effects of the four kinds of interference upon the three versions of the CBT were very specific. Indeed, the patterned-motor and the motor interference tasks affected negatively the standard version of the test (p.5 in both cases). The spatial interference task affected negatively the participants’ performance at the automatic version of the test (p.05 in both cases). The visual interference task affected negatively the participant’s performance at the two-dimension version of the test (p.05 in both cases). Importantly, such finding cannot be ascribed to the three interfering tasks being not equivalent with respect to each other, because of the triple dissociation procedure we em ployed. Discussion Results of the present experiment suggest that a component of working memory that deals with motor information has the major role in the standard version of the CBT. Indeed, the effects of both the motor and patterned-motor interference tasks were notably larger than those of the spatial and visual interference tasks in the standard version of the CBT. The crossed double dissociation general pattern of results strongly supports this interpretation. Indeed, the spatial interference task was more effective than both the motor interference tasks in the â€Å"automatic† version of the CBT, whereas only the visual interference task was effective in the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such result does not depend on confounding due to the three versions of the CBT being not equated in terms of difficulty, because in the single task condition the performance of the participants was the same in the three versions of the test. Also, it does not depend on the spatial interference task involving a verbal coding of the spatial locations where the tones came from, as the phonological loop has been shown to be not involved in the CBT (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004). The finding that the performance on the standard version of the CBT largely depends on individuals coding the movements of the examiner is in fair agreement with the hypothesis that a component of working memory that deals with motor information actually exists, and is independent of the component of working memory that deals with spatial information (e.g., Smyth Pendleton, 1990). It is also in fair agreement with the growing body of neurophysiological and psychological studies that suggest a close link between observing and performing an action (e.g., Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Gallese, Fogassi, 1996). Interestingly, van Asselen and coworkers (van Asselen, Kessels, Sebastiaan, Neggers, Kappelle, Frijns, et al. 2006) have recently interpreted results of a study on stroke patients as suggesting that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are involved in keeping spatial information in memory over a short time period, as was assessed wi th the CBT. While the involvement of both the DLPFC and the PPC in spatial memory tasks is not new (e.g., Walter, Bretschneider, Groen, Zurowski, Wunderlich, Tomczak, et al. 2003), it is worth noting that this is not at variance with the hypothesis that a specific component of working memory for positional movements is involved in the CBT. For instance, lesion and physiological studies have shown that the DLPFC has a crucial role in visuospatial control of actions and visuomotor transformations (e.g., Curtis D’Esposito, 2004). Indeed, Hoshi (Hoshi, 2006) in a recent review suggested that the dorsal part of the DLPFC is involved in representing processed motor information, such as arm use or target location, and in integrating multiple classes of information for planning action. Similarly, the PPC is involved in visuomotor transformation, and is thought to serve as a sensorymotor interface for visually guided eye and limb movements (Buneo Andersen, 2006). Moreover, evidence has been recently provided that, within the fronto-parietal network of brain regions involved in learning spatial sequences, two partially segregated neural systems are involved in processing spatial sequences in reaching and navigational space (Nemmi, Boccia, Piccardi, Galati Guariglia, 2013), supporting the idea of a further fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Though, more research is needed in order to specify the relationship between the complex functional architecture of the DLPFC – PPC system and the specific features of the working memory components, including those measured by the CBT. Finally, it is worth noting that the motor and spatial interference tasks affected only marginally the performance on the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such a result suggests that the two-dimension and the standard versions of the CBT cannot be considered as equivalent. This finding is especially relevant because recently two-dimensions, computerized versions of the CBT have been used rather frequently in clinical and experimental settings (Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004; Joyce, Robbins, 1991). In conclusion, the present study shows that the performance on the Corsi block-tapping task  depends largely on a component of working memory specifically dealing with motor information and that this component is independent of that component of working memory that deals with spatial information. Beside providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components, present findings have important implications for clinical assessment of brain-damaged patients and should be taken into account when interpreting the performance on the CBT for neuropsychological rehabilitation treatments in clinical settings.

Writing and Classification Essay Sample

A classification essay is written by classifying the subject or matter into various divisions or categories. The purpose is it organizes ideas into appropriate and constructive categories. Some very good classification essay sample topics would be Music, books, movies, sports, etc. If classification essay sample is, for example, on topic sports then it would look like this 1. Introduction to sports- explain here briefly how you are going to categorize sports. 2. Classification of sports- write here the categories of sports in detail †¢Indoor games 1. Board games 2. Court games 3. Table games †¢Outdoor games . Athletics 2. Team games like football, cricket 3. Individual games like tennis, badminton †¢Summary of sports – end it with a summary on sports This is a short example of how a classification essay should look. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Americans can be divided into three groups–smokers, nonsmokers and that expanding pack of us who have quit. Those who have neve r smoked don't know what they're missing, but former smokers, ex-smokers, reformed smokers can never forget. We are veterans of a personal war, linked by that watershed experience of ceasing to smoke and by the temptation to have just one more cigarette.For almost all of us ex-smokers, smoking continues to play an important role in our lives. And now that it is being restricted in restaurants around the country and will be banned in almost all indoor public places in New York State starting next month, it is vital that everyone understand the different emotional states cessation of smoking can cause. I have observed four of them; and in the interest of science I have classified them as those of the zealot, the evangelist, the elect and the serene. Each day, each category gains new recruits. â€Å"

Alzheimer s Disease Treatments And Stages Of The Disease

When I began, I knew next to nothing about this deadly disease. All I knew was that it was a widespread and dangerous disease, capable of ruining the lives of many American people. When I found the topic, I had been researching about different forms of degenerative diseases in the hopes of finding a suitable topic for my project. I saw Alzheimer’s was both the most common disease in the field and the most deadly, and immediately I decided. After finding the topic, I began researching the guiding question of my research: What treatments are currently available to treat Alzheimer’s and what entails the different stages of the disease? This question was the northern star of my research, and provided a great tool to stay focused on a specific†¦show more content†¦It was not always easy though, I had to dig through many advertisements to find what I was looking for. Many sites attempted to sell their services to me, or to provide information to me about the types of care they offered. However these were not the sites that I was looking for to learn more information, so I turned to government and international organizations for my information. Sources that I used frequently included Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization, and the National Institute on Aging. These sources all were a great help to my research, providing accurate and ample information for my research. After learning the basics, I then turned to the more advanced information on Alzheimer’s disease specifically. I had to dig deeper past the basic information provided on the government sites, and turn to some sites that specifically offer information about Alzheimer’s disease. To do this, I began researching on sites that offered detailed data on the topic, namely the Alzheimer’s Association and Alzheimer’s Organization. As I went on, I learned that there were a very limited number of effective treatments, which I realized would provide more support on my topics validity. I also learned about the various differences between stages of Alzheimer’s progression, sparking more interest on my part for the topic. During the time I was researching I was also planning an interview with a doctor from my local area.

Brand Identity Prism of Raymonds and Arrow - 1126 Words

KOLKATA DEPARTMENT OF FASHION MANGEMENT STUDIES Subject: Fashion Brand Management Topic: Comparative study of the Brand Identity of two Fashion Brands Arrow Raymond Premium Apparel Submitted to: Mrs. Bharti Moitra Submitted By: Nancy Mehta Roll no.27 MFM (Sem-II) Brand Identity Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist applies to create or maintain. These associations represent what the brand stands for and imply a promise to the customers from the organization members. Modern theories say that a brand identity provides not only the personality of the brand but also the direction, purpose and meaning for the brand. Brand identity is the aggregation of what all you (i.e. an†¦show more content†¦Arrow was popular among the older business class. The company felt that the brand is losing its position among the emerging young turks. In 2008 the company designed to reposition itself to target the youth. Today’s Arrow Collar Man is a modern symbol of masculine American style. Cluett Peabody is committed to providing worldwide quality ARROW brand apparel products that embody the heritage of the brand and deliver superior quality to consumers. One hundred and sixty years ago, the detachable collar was the innovation that changed an industry. Today, the ARROW brand represents another novel idea to modern men: choose value but never sacrifice style. The brand adopted a new tagline When You Know . Arrow had established itself in the market not because of its campaigns but because of the quality, premiumness and exclusivity. BRAND IDENTITY PRISM Raymond Premium Apparel Raymond, the name is synonymous with the values of trust, heritage excellence. A name that has over eight decades epitomized consumer s trust into its offerings into the company s unflinching faith in the quality of its product. And now these values have been extended to the range of readymade garments - Raymond Premium Apparel . Raymond Premium Apparel is a premium formal wear brand which is positioned to offer classic garments with impeccable fits and inviting styles to the Global Indian. The product is made only from premium Raymond fabrics. The brand